Question 1

In what ways might the characteristics of Williams syndrome (WS)predispose those with the condition toward anxiety problems?

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Question 2

Punishment is typically the first type of treatment that is used to correct behavior.

Accepted Answer

Punishment is not always effective and can sometimes lead to negative outcomes. Alternatives such as positive reinforcement and behavior modification techniques should be considered first.

Question 3

If we know the cause of a child's ID it would be classified as organic,even if the cause were environmental,such as the mother's alcohol use during pregnancy.

Accepted Answer

Organic ID refers to intellectual disability caused by a physical or biological factor, such as genetic disorders, brain injury, or exposure to toxic substances during pregnancy, regardless of whether the cause is environmental or genetic. Therefore, if a child's ID is caused by the mother's alcohol use during pregnancy, it would be classified as organic ID.

Question 4

How have the relative strengths of those with Down syndrome been capitalized on in teaching them to read?

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Question 5

Which of the following best describes results from studies on the effectiveness of Head Start and other preschool prevention programs?
A) Overall, these programs have had no consistent measurable benefit on children's IQ or other outcomes.
B) Youths who participate in preschool programs are approximately an academic year ahead of kindergarten classmates who did not attend these programs.
C) The benefits of preschool are generally lasting, continuing throughout elementary school.
D) The benefits of preschool are greatest for minority children, youths from low-SES backgrounds, and youths at risk for developmental disability.

Accepted Answer

Studies have consistently shown that preschool prevention programs, including Head Start, have the most measurable benefit for children from minority and low-SES backgrounds, as well as those at risk for developmental disabilities. While the benefits may not always be consistent across developmental outcomes, there is evidence that the positive effects of preschool can last throughout elementary school.

Question 6

Provide an example of universal design in the classroom.

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Question 7

Stimulant medications have been shown to reduce self-injurious behaviors in youths with intellectual disability because these medications increase the dopamine in the system.

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Question 8

Those with cultural-familial intellectual disability (ID)are believed to have developed ID due to genetic predisposition toward the condition in combination with their environment.

Accepted Answer

Cultural-familial intellectual disability is believed to result from a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors, such as poor nutrition or lack of education opportunities.

Question 9

Studies on mainstreaming have shown that children with intellectual disability who spent most of the school day with their typically-developing peers ______.
A) had lower achievement scores and lower adaptive functioning than children assigned to special education classes
B) had lower achievement scores but higher adaptive functioning than children assigned to special education classes
C) had higher achievement scores and higher adaptive functioning than children assigned to special education classes
D) had higher achievement scores but lower adaptive functioning than children assigned to special education classes

Accepted Answer

Studies have consistently shown that mainstreaming benefits children with intellectual disability by promoting their academic achievement and overall adaptive functioning. They have been found to have higher achievement scores and higher adaptive functioning than those placed in special education classes.

Question 10

The label Intellectual Disability tells us about a person's etiology,symptoms,and likely outcome.

Accepted Answer

Intellectual Disability primarily describes the level of functioning in intellectual and adaptive behaviors, not the specific cause (etiology), symptoms, or outcomes, which can vary widely among individuals.

Question 11

Provide an example of the use of positive punishment to correct behavior.Under what conditions would such an approach be used?

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Question 12

In what ways can challenging behavior adversely affect children?

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Question 13

To determine whether early education programs can prevent intellectual disability,the Infant Health and Development Program assigned half of a group of premature,low-birth weight infants to an early intervention group with a program that lasted until age 3 and compared their outcomes to those of the infants in the control group.Which of the following best describes the findings of the study?
A) Children who participated in the program had much higher IQs at 3, 5, and 8 years old than did children in the control group.
B) Children who participated in the program had slightly higher IQs at 3, 5, and 8 years old than did children in the control group.
C) Children who participated in the program had much higher IQs at age 3 and 5 than those in the control group but these differences disappeared by age 8.
D) Children who participated in the program had slightly higher IQs at age 3 than those in the control group, but these differences disappeared by age 5.

Accepted Answer

The Infant Health and Development Program found that early intervention had a positive impact on IQ at age 3, but the differences were not sustained as the children grew older, indicating that the initial benefits of the program diminished by age 5.

Question 14

What is the importance of the finding that different types of organic intellectual disability (ID)show particular characteristic patterns of cognitive and behavioral characteristics?

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Question 15

Now that lead-based paint has been outlawed,lead poisoning from paint is no longer a concern in the United States.

Accepted Answer

While lead-based paint is no longer used in the United States, lead poisoning from existing paint in older homes and buildings remains a concern, particularly for children who may ingest lead dust or paint chips. Proper lead remediation and safe renovation practices are necessary to prevent lead exposure in these settings.

Question 16

Sattler (2014)identified two broad ways for parents to enrich their children's home environment to help them achieve their intellectual potentials.Which of the following best describes their findings?
A) Provide ample verbal stimulation and interact with children through talking, playing, and reading.
B) Provide ample verbal stimulation and encourage academic achievement and curiosity.
C) Provide significant mathematical concept training and rigorous use of flashcards, even at an early age.
D) Provide ample verbal stimulation and discourage creative play and arts and crafts in favor of academically oriented tasks.

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Question 17

What is the difference between mainstreaming and inclusion?

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Question 18

Heroin use in a pregnant mother is much more likely to result in intellectual disability in the child than alcohol use by a pregnant mother is.

Accepted Answer

Alcohol use during pregnancy, particularly heavy use, is a well-established cause of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), which can include intellectual disabilities among other serious health issues. Heroin use during pregnancy also poses significant risks to the fetus, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and neonatal abstinence syndrome, but the direct link to intellectual disability is not as strong or well-documented as it is with alcohol.

Question 19

Because IQ is normally distributed in the population and 2.2% of individuals would be expected to earn IQ scores less than 70,the prevalence of intellectual disability is 2.2%.

Accepted Answer

The prevalence of intellectual disability is generally estimated to be about 1% of the population, not 2.2%. The 2.2% figure refers to the percentage of people who might score below 70 on an IQ test due to the normal distribution, but not all of these individuals meet the diagnostic criteria for intellectual disability, which also requires significant limitations in adaptive behavior.

Quiz 5: Intellectual Disability and Developmental