Question 1

Older adults who were bilingual seemed to experience a delayed onset of symptoms of Alzheimer's disease compared to monolingual older adults,possibly due to ____.
A)changes in brain structure
B)increased levels of dopamine
C)decreased levels of acetylcholine
D)the presence of a "cognitive reserve"

Accepted Answer

The delayed onset of symptoms in bilingual older adults is thought to be due to the presence of a "cognitive reserve," which is a result of the brain's ability to compensate for age-related declines in cognitive function through increased neural connections and alternate strategies. Bilingualism is one factor that has been found to contribute to the development of a cognitive reserve in older adults. Changes in brain structure and neurotransmitter levels have not been definitively linked to this effect.

Question 2

Of the following,who best demonstrates social or emotional intelligence?
A)Jimmy,who is 5 years old and able to resist eating one marshmallow long enough to be rewarded with two
B)Blair,who is a high-school freshman and scores in the top 10% on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales
C)Marion,whose strengths lie in the practical intelligence category of Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence
D)Panka,who is particularly gifted in the musical and naturalistic abilities on Gardner's list of multiple intelligences

Accepted Answer

Social and emotional intelligence refer to the ability to perceive, understand, and manage emotions and social interactions. In this case, Jimmy demonstrates social intelligence by being able to delay gratification and resist eating the marshmallow, which requires impulse control and the ability to understand the reward that comes with delaying gratification. This skill has been linked to better social outcomes in adulthood. The other options focus on cognitive or practical abilities, which are not directly related to social and emotional intelligence.

Question 3

Measures of brain activity during tasks requiring intelligence indicate that,in order to solve the same problem,the brains of people with high scores on standard intelligence measures ____.
A)do not have to work as hard as the brains of people with lower scores
B)work harder than the brains of people with lower scores
C)work more quickly than the brains of people with lower scores
D)work less quickly but more accurately than the brains of people with lower scores

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that individuals with higher scores on standard intelligence measures have greater neural efficiency and require less brain activity to complete the same cognitive tasks as individuals with lower scores. This suggests that higher intelligence is associated with greater efficiency in the use of neural resources.

Question 4

American Sign Language is ____.
A)processed primarily by the left hemisphere,similar to other languages
B)not a distinct language by definition
C)processed more or less equally by both the left and right hemispheres
D)processed primarily by the right hemisphere because it is based on spatial characteristics

Accepted Answer

American Sign Language (ASL) is processed primarily by the left hemisphere of the brain, similar to spoken languages, because it is a fully developed language with its own grammar and syntax.

Question 5

Standard measures of intelligence are positively correlated with ____.
A)the thickness of the cerebral cortex,particularly in the occipital and parietal lobes
B)overall brain volume,particularly in the amygdala and hippocampus
C)the thickness of the cerebral cortex,particularly in the prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes
D)overall brain volume,particularly in the cerebellum and pons

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that there is a positive correlation between standard measures of intelligence and the thickness of the cerebral cortex, particularly in the prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes. This region of the brain is involved in higher-order cognitive functions such as attention, working memory, and language processing, which are important for intelligence. Overall brain volume and certain structures such as the amygdala and hippocampus have also been linked to intelligence, but the correlation is not as strong as that with the thickness of the cerebral cortex in specific regions.

Question 6

Which of the following is true about dyslexia?
A)Persons with dyslexia tend to think in rhymes.
B)Dyslexia is strongly influenced by genetic factors.
C)Persons with dyslexia are more likely to be right-handed or bidextrous.
D)Dyslexia is related to highly symmetrical cerebral hemispheres.

Accepted Answer

Dyslexia has been shown to have a strong genetic component, as the condition tends to run in families. Studies have also found several specific genes that appear to be linked to dyslexia.

Question 7

The primary intention of an IQ test is to predict ____.
A)school performance
B)the ability to adapt
C)creative genius
D)the ability to overcome obstacles

Accepted Answer

IQ tests are primarily designed to predict academic performance and cognitive abilities related to school and educational settings.

Question 8

Reyana's parents arrange for her to take part in an intelligence test for private elementary school admissions.Her individual intelligence is measured to be 125 relative to a statistically normal curve with an average of 100.This is her ____.
A)fluid intelligence
B)intelligence quotient
C)crystallized intelligence
D)biological intelligence

Accepted Answer

The intelligence score of 125 is most likely referring to Reyana's IQ (intelligence quotient) score, which is derived from a standardized intelligence test. Fluid and crystallized intelligence refer to specific types of intelligence while biological intelligence is not a commonly used term in psychology.

Question 9

Compared to typical readers,readers with dyslexia showed ____.
A)greater activation of Broca's area,which participates in speech production
B)greater facility with rhyming tasks and recognizing synonym pairs
C)greater facility in discriminating among similar-sounding phonemes
D)greater activity in a pathway connecting the visual cortex to Wernicke's area

Accepted Answer

Readers with dyslexia often show greater activation of Broca's area, which is involved in speech production, as they may rely more on this area to compensate for difficulties in phonological processing.

Question 10

Which of the following is true regarding theories of general intelligence and multiple intelligences?
A)Howard Gardner proposed a theory of multiple,tightly correlated,intelligences.
B)Robert Sternberg proposed a four-part theory of intelligence that predicts success.
C)Purely cognitive abilities,such as verbal,mathematical,spatial,and logical skills,show strong positive correlations with one another.
D)Abilities involving sensory,motor,and personality factors show strong positive correlations with one another.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive abilities like verbal, mathematical, spatial, and logical skills tend to show strong positive correlations, supporting the idea of a general intelligence factor.

Question 11

Children with several different types of bilingualism outperformed monolingual English speakers on tasks of ____.
A)delay of gratification
B)executive control
C)convergent thinking
D)divergent thinking

Accepted Answer

The article states that bilingual children outperformed monolingual English speakers on tasks of executive control, which involves the ability to switch between tasks and suppress irrelevant information.

Question 12

A measure of an individual's overall intelligence as opposed to specific abilities is called ____ intelligence.
A)fluid
B)crystallized
C)complex
D)general

Accepted Answer

General intelligence, also known as g factor, is a measure of an individual's overall cognitive abilities and intelligence. It represents a person's ability to reason, solve problems, and learn new things. It is considered as a single, general ability that underlies performance on various intellectual tasks.

Question 13

Formal intelligence testing began in 1904,when Alfred Binet was instructed by the French government to devise a(n)____.
A)test to "weed out" academically inferior students
B)objective means to assign students into academic and technical training tracks
C)test to select the top students for government service
D)objective means to identify schoolchildren who needed additional help to succeed

Accepted Answer

Alfred Binet was instructed to devise an objective means to identify schoolchildren who needed additional help to succeed. This led to the development of the first modern intelligence test, known as the Binet-Simon Scale.

Question 14

Professor Simon calls on Wynonna to state the definition of "intelligence." She responds by describing intelligence as "the ability to understand complex ideas,adapt effectively to the environment,learn from experience,communicate quickly and efficiently,and overcome obstacles." Which part of her definition is inaccurate?
A)Understand complex ideas
B)Communicate quickly and efficiently
C)Overcome obstacles
D)Adapt effectively to the environment

Accepted Answer

Intelligence is generally defined as the ability to learn, understand, and apply knowledge and skills, but it does not specifically include the ability to communicate quickly and efficiently.

Question 15

In women,IQ has been shown to be highly correlated with ____.
A)he amount of gray matter located in both parietal and occipital lobes and the amount of white matter in the frontal lobes
B)the volume of gray matter in the right frontal lobe and Broca's area,and with the volume of white matter throughout the brain
C)the volume of gray matter throughout the brain and the proportion of neurons in the corpus callosum that are lateralized
D)the amount of gray matter located in both frontal lobes and the left parietal lobe

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that in women, IQ is highly correlated with the volume of gray matter in the right frontal lobe and Broca's area, as well as with the volume of white matter throughout the brain. This suggests that IQ is related to the efficiency of connections between different regions of the brain. Other factors, such as genetics and environmental factors, also play a role in IQ.

Question 16

Which of the following reflects the current understanding of whether the two languages of bilingualism are represented in different parts of the brain?
A)Different languages are represented in different parts of the brain.
B)The extent of the overlap is greater when the person is least proficient in the languages.
C)The extent of overlap is less when a person learns both languages in childhood.
D)Different languages overlap depending on the timing of learning and proficiency in each language.

Accepted Answer

Current understanding suggests that the representation of different languages in the brain depends on factors such as timing of learning and proficiency levels in each language, with greater overlap seen in bilinguals who learn both languages at an early age and achieve high proficiency in both. Therefore, option D is the most accurate choice.

Question 17

The ability to think logically without the need to use learned knowledge was called ____ intelligence by Charles Spearman.
A)crystallized
B)general
C)fluid
D)complex

Accepted Answer

Charles Spearman referred to the ability to think logically without the need to use learned knowledge as "fluid" intelligence in contrast to "crystallized" intelligence, which involves the use of learned knowledge and experience. "General" and "complex" are not terms used by Spearman to describe types of intelligence.

Question 18

The ability to think logically using specific learned knowledge is called ____ intelligence.
A)general
B)crystallized
C)fluid
D)complex

Accepted Answer

Crystallized intelligence refers to the ability to use specific learned knowledge to think logically and solve problems. It is based on acquired knowledge and experience, rather than innate abilities. General intelligence (A) refers to the overall cognitive abilities of an individual, whereas fluid intelligence (C) refers to the ability to think abstractly and solve problems in novel situations. Complex intelligence (D) is not a recognized term in psychology.

Question 19

Joe has been a homicide detective in a Colorado Springs for several years and he is good at his job.He is often called on by other detectives to help with difficult cases.Which of the following reflects his fluid intelligence?
A)Joe has comprehensive knowledge of ballistics,including the identification of weapons and interpretation of angle and distance of firing.
B)Joe knows the history of local gangs and their allegiances from his years on the job.
C)Joe finds that when he reads through a file,a detail will leap out at him as peculiar to the flow of events,which then helps to focus the direction of the investigation.
D)Joe has learned a great deal about the psychology of domestic violence,which can be the underlying trigger of a homicide.

Accepted Answer

Fluid intelligence refers to the ability to think abstractly and solve problems in new situations without relying on previously acquired knowledge or skills. In this scenario, Joe's ability to quickly identify odd details in a case and use them to direct his investigation is an example of his fluid intelligence. Options A, B, and D are examples of Joe's crystallized intelligence, which is the knowledge and skills he has acquired through his experiences and education.

Question 20

Who is most likely to be experiencing a decline in fluid intelligence?
A)Debbie,who is the valedictorian of her high school class
B)Nathan,who is a stock trader and has just celebrated his 30th birthday
C)Lana,who is 44 and a cardiothoracic surgeon
D)William,who is 60 and a retired school teacher

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that fluid intelligence begins to decline in the mid to late 20s and continues to decline gradually throughout adulthood. William is the only person in the given options who is over 60, which puts him at a higher risk for experiencing a decline in fluid intelligence.

Quiz 10: The Thinking Mind Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Older adults who were bilingual seemed to experience a delayed onset of symptoms of Alzheimer's disease compared to monolingual older adults,possibly due to ____.

Of the following,who best demonstrates social or emotional intelligence?

Measures of brain activity during tasks requiring intelligence indicate that,in order to solve the same problem,the brains of people with high scores on standard intelligence measures ____.

American Sign Language is ____.

Standard measures of intelligence are positively correlated with ____.

Which of the following is true about dyslexia?

The primary intention of an IQ test is to predict ____.

Reyana's parents arrange for her to take part in an intelligence test for private elementary school admissions.Her individual intelligence is measured to be 125 relative to a statistically normal curve with an average of 100.This is her ____.

Compared to typical readers,readers with dyslexia showed ____.

Which of the following is true regarding theories of general intelligence and multiple intelligences?

Children with several different types of bilingualism outperformed monolingual English speakers on tasks of ____.

A measure of an individual's overall intelligence as opposed to specific abilities is called ____ intelligence.

Formal intelligence testing began in 1904,when Alfred Binet was instructed by the French government to devise a(n) ____.

In women,IQ has been shown to be highly correlated with ____.

Which of the following reflects the current understanding of whether the two languages of bilingualism are represented in different parts of the brain?

The ability to think logically without the need to use learned knowledge was called ____ intelligence by Charles Spearman.

The ability to think logically using specific learned knowledge is called ____ intelligence.

Joe has been a homicide detective in a Colorado Springs for several years and he is good at his job.He is often called on by other detectives to help with difficult cases.Which of the following reflects his fluid intelligence?

Who is most likely to be experiencing a decline in fluid intelligence?