Question 1

Exhibit 5-4: Examine the hypotheses provided in answer options a-d, then answer the questions.
-Refer to Exhibit 5-4.Which one involves more than one dependent variable?
A) The presentation of advance organizers will raise the amount of learning and retention of the subsequently presented materials.
B) There is no significant relationship between self-esteem and academic achievement.
C) There is an interaction effect between method of teaching mathematics and gender of students upon learning of mathematics in high school.
D) There is a relationship between the emotional maturity of elementary school children and their experiences during the first two years of their childhood.

Accepted Answer

Option A involves more than one dependent variable because it mentions both "the amount of learning" and "retention of the subsequently presented materials" as outcomes influenced by the presentation of advance organizers.

Question 2

Exhibit 5-3: Evaluate the adequacy of each of the following statements as a scientific hypothesis.
-Refer to Exhibit 5-3.There is a negative relationship between students' social maturity and their participation in social activities.
A) adequate hypothesis
B) inadequate, not testable
C) inadequate, no statement of relationship
D) inadequate, not consistent with the existing body of knowledge

Accepted Answer

The answer of Exhibit 5-3: Evaluate the adequacy of each...

Question 3

Exhibit 5-4: Examine the hypotheses provided in answer options a-d, then answer the questions.
-Refer to Exhibit 5-4.Which one is not testable?
A) The presentation of advance organizers will raise the amount of learning and retention of the subsequently presented materials.
B) There is no significant relationship between self-esteem and academic achievement.
C) There is an interaction effect between method of teaching mathematics and gender of students upon learning of mathematics in high school.
D) There is a relationship between the emotional maturity of elementary school children and their experiences during the first two years of their childhood.

Accepted Answer

The hypothesis in option D is not testable as it is not clear how emotional maturity can be measured and correlated with experiences during early childhood.

Question 4

Exhibit 5-3: Evaluate the adequacy of each of the following statements as a scientific hypothesis.
-Refer to Exhibit 5-3.Pupils will differ from one another in achievement and in reading skills.
A) adequate hypothesis
B) inadequate, not testable
C) inadequate, no statement of relationship
D) inadequate, not consistent with the existing body of knowledge

Accepted Answer

This statement is inadequate as a scientific hypothesis because it does not specify a relationship between variables that can be tested or observed. It merely states a difference without providing a basis for investigation or prediction.

Question 5

Exhibit 5-3: Evaluate the adequacy of each of the following statements as a scientific hypothesis.
-Refer to Exhibit 5-3.Children who do not resolve the Oedipus complex before the age of eight will show a greater degree of homosexuality as adults than will children who do.
A) adequate hypothesis
B) inadequate, not testable
C) inadequate, no statement of relationship
D) inadequate, not consistent with the existing body of knowledge

Accepted Answer

This hypothesis is not testable as it involves studying a developmental process that cannot be manipulated or measured objectively. Additionally, it is ethically questionable to study a child's psychosexual development in such a way. Therefore, it is an inadequate hypothesis.

Question 6

Exhibit 5-4: Examine the hypotheses provided in answer options a-d, then answer the questions.
-Refer to Exhibit 5-4.Which one is a null hypothesis?
A) The presentation of advance organizers will raise the amount of learning and retention of the subsequently presented materials.
B) There is no significant relationship between self-esteem and academic achievement.
C) There is an interaction effect between method of teaching mathematics and gender of students upon learning of mathematics in high school.
D) There is a relationship between the emotional maturity of elementary school children and their experiences during the first two years of their childhood.

Accepted Answer

A null hypothesis is a hypothesis that there is no significant relationship between the variables being studied. Option B states that there is no significant relationship between self-esteem and academic achievement, making it the null hypothesis. The other options all propose a significant relationship or effect between variables, making them alternative hypotheses.

Question 7

A teacher observed that during the weeks when the children in her class used computer drills the boys made much higher scores on the spelling quizzes.The teacher wished to investigate this observed relationship in a systematic way.Which of the following research hypotheses would be appropriate for this investigation?
A) Computer drills are superior in teaching boys to spell.
B) Use of computer drills results in higher spelling achievement for boys than the use of traditional materials.
C) There will be no significant difference in the spelling achievement of boys taught by computer drills and those taught by traditional materials.
D) Classroom teachers do not use appropriate materials in teaching boys to spell.
E) Boys have fewer opportunities to respond and to receive reinforcement in the traditional classroom, which affects their spelling achievement.

Accepted Answer

Option B is the most appropriate research hypothesis for investigating the observed relationship between computer drills and higher spelling achievement for boys. It clearly states the comparison between the use of computer drills and traditional materials and the outcome of higher spelling achievement for boys, which is the observed relationship that the teacher wishes to investigate. Option A is too narrow and does not provide a comparison with traditional materials. Option C is a null hypothesis, which is not necessarily the best choice for investigating the observed relationship in this scenario. Options D and E are not relevant to the research question.

Question 8

Exhibit 5-4: Examine the hypotheses provided in answer options a-d, then answer the questions.
-Refer to Exhibit 5-4.Which one is a directional hypothesis?
A) The presentation of advance organizers will raise the amount of learning and retention of the subsequently presented materials.
B) There is no significant relationship between self-esteem and academic achievement.
C) There is an interaction effect between method of teaching mathematics and gender of students upon learning of mathematics in high school.
D) There is a relationship between the emotional maturity of elementary school children and their experiences during the first two years of their childhood.

Accepted Answer

A directional hypothesis specifically predicts the direction of the relationship between two variables, in this case, that the presentation of advance organizers will raise the amount of learning and retention of the subsequently presented materials. The other options either do not predict a direction (B, D) or describe an interaction effect (C).

Question 9

The purpose of a pilot study is to
A) help the researcher decide if the study is feasible.
B) assess the appropriateness and practicality of the data-collection instruments.
C) provide experience in finding solutions to unanticipated problems.
D) all of these are true.

Accepted Answer

All of these statements are true. Pilot studies are conducted to determine the feasibility of a study, to assess the appropriateness and practicality of data collection instruments, and to provide an opportunity to find solutions to unanticipated problems that may arise during the study.

Question 10

Exhibit 5-3: Evaluate the adequacy of each of the following statements as a scientific hypothesis.
-Refer to Exhibit 5-3.There is a positive relationship between teachers' expectations of students and the actual achievement of the students.
A) adequate hypothesis
B) inadequate, not testable
C) inadequate, no statement of relationship
D) inadequate, not consistent with the existing body of knowledge

Accepted Answer

The statement clearly states a relationship between two variables and is testable using research methods, making it an adequate scientific hypothesis.

Question 11

Exhibit 5-4: Examine the hypotheses provided in answer options a-d, then answer the questions.
-Refer to Exhibit 5-4.Which one involves more than one independent variable?
A) The presentation of advance organizers will raise the amount of learning and retention of the subsequently presented materials.
B) There is no significant relationship between self-esteem and academic achievement.
C) There is an interaction effect between method of teaching mathematics and gender of students upon learning of mathematics in high school.
D) There is a relationship between the emotional maturity of elementary school children and their experiences during the first two years of their childhood.

Accepted Answer

Hypothesis C involves more than one independent variable, specifically the method of teaching mathematics and the gender of students. The other hypotheses only involve one independent variable.

Question 12

Exhibit 5-3: Evaluate the adequacy of each of the following statements as a scientific hypothesis.
-Refer to Exhibit 5-3.There will be a significant negative correlation between students' verbal ability and their performance in a problem-solving task.
A) adequate hypothesis
B) inadequate, not testable
C) inadequate, no statement of relationship
D) inadequate, not consistent with the existing body of knowledge

Accepted Answer

The answer of Exhibit 5-3: Evaluate the adequacy of each...

Question 13

A teacher wishes to compare a new approach to teaching math (Method A) with the traditional approach (Method B), because she thinks Method A will improve the learning of math.Prior to the study, what general research hypothesis should the teacher state?
A) The traditional method (Method B) of teaching math is inadequate.
B) Method A should be utilized to teach math.
C) Can Method A be used successfully to teach math in this particular situation?
D) Students will learn more math with Method A than with Method B.

Accepted Answer

The general research hypothesis should be a statement about the relationship between the two methods of teaching math. In this case, the hypothesis should be that students will learn more math with Method A than with Method B. Option A and B are too extreme and Option C is too vague.

Question 14

Exhibit 5-4: Examine the hypotheses provided in answer options a-d, then answer the questions.
-Refer to Exhibit 5-4.Which one has most likely been derived from a theory?
A) The presentation of advance organizers will raise the amount of learning and retention of the subsequently presented materials.
B) There is no significant relationship between self-esteem and academic achievement.
C) There is an interaction effect between method of teaching mathematics and gender of students upon learning of mathematics in high school.
D) There is a relationship between the emotional maturity of elementary school children and their experiences during the first two years of their childhood.

Accepted Answer

Option A presents a clear hypothesis that has most likely been derived from a theory about how advance organizers can impact learning and retention. The other options do not explicitly indicate that they have been derived from a theory.

Question 15

"The Cuisenaire method of teaching arithmetic will have an effect on arithmetic achievement in the second grade." This statement is an example of a
A) null hypothesis.
B) nondirectional research hypothesis.
C) vague and poorly stated hypothesis.
D) hypothesis that lacks explanatory power.

Accepted Answer

This statement is a nondirectional research hypothesis that predicts a relationship between the Cuisenaire method and arithmetic achievement without specifying the direction of the effect. It is clear and specific enough to be testable through research.

Question 16

"Children who receive immediate reinforcement will show greater gains in arithmetic achievement than children who receive delayed reinforcement." This statement presents
A) a clearly stated testable hypothesis.
B) a broad and general hypothesis which should be broken down into at least two hypotheses.
C) a hypothesis which is not consistent with the previous knowledge.
D) the objective of a study on the effect of immediate vs.delayed reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

The statement presents a clear and testable hypothesis, suggesting that immediate reinforcement leads to greater gains in arithmetic achievement compared to delayed reinforcement.

Question 17

"There will be a positive relationship between adolescents' attitudes toward school and their academic achievement." This hypothesis is a
A) testable hypothesis.
B) directional research hypothesis.
C) nondirectional hypothesis.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Accepted Answer

The hypothesis is testable because it can be operationalized and measured. It is also a directional research hypothesis because it predicts a positive relationship between attitude toward school and academic achievement.

Question 18

Which of the following would be the most suitable hypothesis for a research study?
A) Indiana University admits too many out-of-state students.
B) Indiana University admits too few out-of-state students.
C) Students who studied computer science in high school are better prepared for college than students who studies traditional courses.
D) Students who took Latin in high school will score higher on the English placement test than students who did not take Latin.

Accepted Answer

A suitable hypothesis for a research study should be testable and based on a clear research question. Hypothesis D is testable and addresses a specific research question, making it a suitable choice. Hypothesis A and B are not based on clear research questions and lack specific details, making them unsuitable choices. Hypothesis C may be testable, but it does not address a clear research question and lacks specific details, making it an unsuitable choice as well.

Question 19

Exhibit 5-3: Evaluate the adequacy of each of the following statements as a scientific hypothesis.
-Refer to Exhibit 5-3.Students' failure to read is the direct consequence of the irresponsibility of teachers.
A) adequate hypothesis
B) inadequate, not testable
C) inadequate, no statement of relationship
D) inadequate, not consistent with the existing body of knowledge

Accepted Answer

The statement is inadequate because it is not testable. There is no way to measure or manipulate the irresponsibility of teachers and its direct impact on student reading.

Question 20

Exhibit 5-3: Evaluate the adequacy of each of the following statements as a scientific hypothesis.
-Refer to Exhibit 5-3.Elementary school pupils whose teachers ask questions at the higher levels of Bloom's Taxonomy will score higher on a criterion measure than will pupils whose teachers ask questions at the lower levels.
A) adequate hypothesis
B) inadequate, not testable
C) inadequate, no statement of relationship
D) inadequate, not consistent with the existing body of knowledge

Accepted Answer

The statement clearly presents a relationship between two variables (teacher's questioning level and pupils' performance on a criterion measure), and this relationship is testable through empirical research. Therefore, it meets the criteria of a scientific hypothesis.

Quiz 5: The Hypothesis

Exhibit 5-4: Examine the hypotheses provided in answer options a-d, then answer the questions. -Refer to Exhibit 5-4.Which one involves more than one dependent variable?

Exhibit 5-3: Evaluate the adequacy of each of the following statements as a scientific hypothesis. -Refer to Exhibit 5-3.There is a negative relationship between students' social maturity and their participation in social activities.

Exhibit 5-4: Examine the hypotheses provided in answer options a-d, then answer the questions. -Refer to Exhibit 5-4.Which one is not testable?

Exhibit 5-3: Evaluate the adequacy of each of the following statements as a scientific hypothesis. -Refer to Exhibit 5-3.Pupils will differ from one another in achievement and in reading skills.

Exhibit 5-3: Evaluate the adequacy of each of the following statements as a scientific hypothesis. -Refer to Exhibit 5-3.Children who do not resolve the Oedipus complex before the age of eight will show a greater degree of homosexuality as adults than will children who do.

Exhibit 5-4: Examine the hypotheses provided in answer options a-d, then answer the questions. -Refer to Exhibit 5-4.Which one is a null hypothesis?

Exhibit 5-4: Examine the hypotheses provided in answer options a-d, then answer the questions. -Refer to Exhibit 5-4.Which one is a directional hypothesis?

The purpose of a pilot study is to

Exhibit 5-3: Evaluate the adequacy of each of the following statements as a scientific hypothesis. -Refer to Exhibit 5-3.There is a positive relationship between teachers' expectations of students and the actual achievement of the students.

Exhibit 5-4: Examine the hypotheses provided in answer options a-d, then answer the questions. -Refer to Exhibit 5-4.Which one involves more than one independent variable?

Exhibit 5-3: Evaluate the adequacy of each of the following statements as a scientific hypothesis. -Refer to Exhibit 5-3.There will be a significant negative correlation between students' verbal ability and their performance in a problem-solving task.

A teacher wishes to compare a new approach to teaching math (Method A) with the traditional approach (Method B) , because she thinks Method A will improve the learning of math.Prior to the study, what general research hypothesis should the teacher state?

Exhibit 5-4: Examine the hypotheses provided in answer options a-d, then answer the questions. -Refer to Exhibit 5-4.Which one has most likely been derived from a theory?

"The Cuisenaire method of teaching arithmetic will have an effect on arithmetic achievement in the second grade." This statement is an example of a

"Children who receive immediate reinforcement will show greater gains in arithmetic achievement than children who receive delayed reinforcement." This statement presents

"There will be a positive relationship between adolescents' attitudes toward school and their academic achievement." This hypothesis is a

Which of the following would be the most suitable hypothesis for a research study?

Exhibit 5-3: Evaluate the adequacy of each of the following statements as a scientific hypothesis. -Refer to Exhibit 5-3.Students' failure to read is the direct consequence of the irresponsibility of teachers.