Question 1

A case study of Rebecca (a patient diagnosed with bulimia nervosa complicated by depression and alcohol abuse)presented by Hendricks and Thompson (2005)found that CBT was most effective in:
A)Increasing self-confidence
B)Eliminating binge eating
C)Reducing suicide ideation
D)Reducing purging behaviours

Accepted Answer

CBT is particularly effective in addressing the behavioral aspects of bulimia nervosa, such as binge eating, by helping patients develop healthier eating patterns and coping mechanisms.

Question 2

Mixed designs are most useful in:
A)Determining cause and effect
B)Identifying which particular treatment is best for which group of patients
C)Examining relations between disorders and prevalence
D)Obtaining internally valid results

Accepted Answer

Mixed designs are often used to examine the interaction between a between-subjects factor (such as a treatment condition) and a within-subjects factor (such as time or repeated measures). This makes them well-suited for identifying which particular treatment is best for which group of patients. While they can also provide information on cause and effect and examine relations between disorders and prevalence, these are not their primary purposes. Mixed designs also do not guarantee internal validity; this is dependent on the specific design and measures used.

Question 3

Sarah and Amy are both participants in an experiment examining a new treatment of depression. If Sarah is receiving the new (experimental)treatment, Amy is most likely receiving
A)a placebo pill.
B)non-directive (non-treatment focused)therapy.
C)cognitive-behavioural therapy.
D)no treatment - she's on a waitlist.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sarah and Amy are both participants in...

Question 4

A(n)________ study involves the question of whether distressed college students are similar enough to patients diagnosed with depression to warrant their use in research.
A)cohort
B)placebo
C)analogue
D)case-control

Accepted Answer

This question is discussing whether distressed college students (an analogue) can be used as participants in depression research. A cohort study would involve tracking a group of individuals over time, a placebo study would involve giving participants a fake treatment, and a case-control study would involve comparing individuals with a particular condition to those without the condition. Therefore, the best choice is analogue study (C).

Question 5

Mary, who has trichotillomania (chronic hair pulling)is using an ABAB design to see if she pulls more hair while watching T.V. She watched T.V. during dinner for four weeks and pulled at least ten hairs a day for the four weeks. Then she left the T.V. off for four weeks and pulled only one hair per day for the four weeks. In the next step of this design, Mary should
A)get other participants to follow the same procedure.
B)have her mother rate how much she eats.
C)turn the TV back on for four weeks.
D)change what she eats during dinner.

Accepted Answer

In an ABAB design, the second A phase is used as a baseline comparison to see if the behavior changes when the intervention (in this case, turning the TV off) is introduced. The B phase is used as a comparison to see if the behavior returns to the original level when the intervention is removed. Therefore, in this case, Mary should turn the TV back on for four weeks to see if the behavior of hair pulling increases again. The other options are not relevant to the research question of whether hair pulling is affected by watching TV.

Question 6

A mixed design combines:
A)Case studies and cohort analyses
B)Experimental and correlational techniques
C)Cross-al and longitudinal samples
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

A mixed design typically involves combining two or more research methods or approaches, such as experimental and correlational techniques. This allows researchers to gather data from multiple sources and obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomena being studied. Mixing experimental and correlational techniques can be particularly useful when a study aims to establish cause-and-effect relationships, but also wants to consider other factors that may be influencing the outcome. Other combinations of methods that could be used in mixed designs include cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches, or qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Case studies and cohort analyses are two specific types of research designs that could potentially be used as part of a mixed design, but they are not the only options.

Question 7

What do Ladouceur and his colleagues believe to be the key factor in the development and maintenance of problem gambling?
A)The intermittent reinforcement they receive
B)An "addictive" personality
C)Cognitive errors
D)Socializing with other problem gamblers

Accepted Answer

Ladouceur and his colleagues focus on cognitive errors as the key factor in the development and maintenance of problem gambling, emphasizing how misbeliefs and erroneous thinking about gambling odds and the ability to control outcomes contribute to gambling problems.

Question 8

People diagnosed with schizophrenia are randomly assigned to either an attention-training group or a social skills training group. Equal numbers of males and females were in each training group. Scores on a measure of thought disorder, a prominent symptom in schizophrenia, were examined after the end of the training sessions. In addition, there was a no-schizophrenia group. This study was a(n)________________ design.
A)mixed
B)pure experiment
C)correlational
D)epidemiological

Accepted Answer

This study is a mixed design because it involves both between-subjects variables (type of training group, gender) and a within-subjects variable (scores on a measure of thought disorder before and after training). Mixed designs combine elements of both experimental and correlational research.

Question 9

A case study of Rebecca (a patient diagnosed with bulimia nervosa complicated by depression and alcohol abuse)presented by Hendricks and Thompson (2005)found that IPT was most effective in:
A)Increasing self-confidence
B)Eliminating binge eating
C)Reducing suicide ideation
D)Reducing purging behaviours

Accepted Answer

The case study found that IPT was most effective in reducing purging behaviours in the patient with bulimia nervosa. While IPT may also have helped with other issues such as depression and alcohol abuse, the study specifically identified reductions in purging behaviours as the most significant outcome.

Question 10

In a single-subject ABAB design, ABAB refers to:
A)Repeatedly introducing and removing the treatment
B)Repeatedly measuring anxiety and behaviour
C)The statistical procedure used to analyse the results
D)Repeating the procedure with additional participants

Accepted Answer

In a single-subject ABAB design, the letters A and B refer to the conditions. A refers to the baseline or the condition without the treatment while B refers to the treatment condition. The design involves repeatedly introducing and withdrawing the treatment to examine its effect on the individual's behavior.

Question 11

Ladouceur et al. (1998)used a single-subject multiple-baseline design and successfully treated:
A)The one gambler they treated
B)2 out of 5 gamblers
C)4 out of 5 gamblers
D)5 out of 5 gamblers

Accepted Answer

Ladouceur et al. (1998) used a single-subject multiple-baseline design to successfully treat 4 out of 5 gamblers, indicating that their treatment approach was effective for a majority of participants.

Question 12

Meta-analysis is:
A)A method of analysing data for an individual study
B)A method of examining the findings from many studies in a quantitative manner
C)A procedure that has solved the problem of psychotherapy
D)None of these choices are correct

Accepted Answer

Meta-analysis is a research technique that involves combining the results from multiple studies on a particular topic in order to draw overall conclusions. This method allows researchers to quantitatively analyze the findings of multiple studies and can be used to identify patterns, trends, and inconsistencies in the research literature. Meta-analysis is not limited to individual studies, nor has it "solved" the problem of psychotherapy.

Question 13

How did Université Laval researchers (Bujold et al., 1994)initially test their cognitive-behavioural treatment of gambling?
A)With controlled trials
B)With a cross-al design
C)With analogue studies
D)With single-subject experiments

Accepted Answer

Université Laval researchers initially tested their cognitive-behavioural treatment of gambling using single-subject experiments, which involve detailed observation and analysis of individual cases.

Question 14

According to Ladouceur and colleagues, the core cognitive error of pathological gamblers is their misconception about:
A)Timing
B)Randomness
C)Odds
D)Predictability

Accepted Answer

Ladouceur and colleagues identified the core cognitive error of pathological gamblers as their misconception about randomness. They tend to believe that they can predict or control gambling outcomes, which are actually determined by chance.

Question 15

A meta-analysis conducted by Moncrieff and Kirsch (2005)concluded that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)have no clinically meaningful advantage over placebos even though:
A)Methodological artifacts likely accounted for these findings
B)The class of drugs had been found ineffective in other studies as well
C)Psychotherapy effects were taken into consideration
D)Previous research co-authored by Moncrieff had shown the opposite result

Accepted Answer

The answer of A meta-analysis conducted by Moncrieff and Kirsch...

Question 16

Mixed designs are combinations of:
A)Experiment and single-subject
B)Correlational and analogue
C)Analogue and case study
D)Correlational and experimental

Accepted Answer

Mixed designs are combinations of correlational and experimental designs. They allow researchers to examine the effects of manipulations on groups while also measuring individual differences through correlational measures.

Question 17

The accumulation and tabulation of the overall results of several empirical studies into a combined investigation involves conducting:
A)A meta-analysis
B)A macro-analysis
C)A mega-analysis
D)A multi-analysis

Accepted Answer

The best choice for the accumulation and tabulation of overall results of several empirical studies into a combined investigation is conducting a meta-analysis. A meta-analysis is a statistical technique to combine the results from multiple studies and produce a summary or a quantitative review of the research findings. It is useful in identifying patterns and trends across different studies, estimating the strength of the relationship between variables, and increasing statistical power by pooling data across different samples.

Question 18

What is the main target of Ladouceur and his colleagues' (1998)exclusively cognitive treatment for gambling?
A)Superstitious behaviours
B)The sense of controllability
C)Misperceptions about randomness
D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Ladouceur and his colleagues' exclusively cognitive treatment for gambling primarily targets misperceptions about randomness. This is done by educating individuals about the actual probabilities and randomness involved in gambling, as well as addressing cognitive distortions and irrational beliefs that may contribute to problem gambling. While superstitions and the sense of controllability may also contribute to problem gambling, these are addressed indirectly through the focus on misperceptions about randomness.

Question 19

To test the impact of therapy on depression, a researcher tells a random half of his participants (falsely)that they failed an exam. He then conducts one hour of therapy with the "failure" participants. One week later the participants given false feedback are no more depressed than the control group, so the researcher concludes the treatment was effective. This would be described as which type of research?
A)A mixed design
B)An analogue study
C)A correlational design
D)Convenience sampling

Accepted Answer

This study is an example of an analogue study, where the researcher creates an artificial situation in order to test the impact of a variable (in this case therapy) on a particular outcome (depression). The false feedback of failing an exam is an artificial situation designed to create a depressive mood in the participants, and the therapy is meant to address this mood. The fact that the treatment group did not differ significantly in depression levels from the control group suggests that the therapy was not effective, despite the researcher's conclusions.

Question 20

According to Ladouceur and colleagues, pathological gamblers develop a set of false beliefs. Specifically, they think that they can control:
A)Events governed by chance
B)Their gambling environment
C)The house's winning ratio
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

According to Ladouceur and colleagues, pathological gamblers develop a set of false beliefs that they can control events governed by chance. They believe that they can somehow influence the outcome of their gambling activities, even though the events are purely random and outside of their control.

Quiz 4: Research Methods in the Study of Abnormal Behaviour

A case study of Rebecca (a patient diagnosed with bulimia nervosa complicated by depression and alcohol abuse) presented by Hendricks and Thompson (2005) found that CBT was most effective in:

Mixed designs are most useful in:

Sarah and Amy are both participants in an experiment examining a new treatment of depression. If Sarah is receiving the new (experimental) treatment, Amy is most likely receiving

A(n) ________ study involves the question of whether distressed college students are similar enough to patients diagnosed with depression to warrant their use in research.

A mixed design combines:

What do Ladouceur and his colleagues believe to be the key factor in the development and maintenance of problem gambling?

A case study of Rebecca (a patient diagnosed with bulimia nervosa complicated by depression and alcohol abuse) presented by Hendricks and Thompson (2005) found that IPT was most effective in:

In a single-subject ABAB design, ABAB refers to:

Ladouceur et al. (1998) used a single-subject multiple-baseline design and successfully treated:

Meta-analysis is:

How did Université Laval researchers (Bujold et al., 1994) initially test their cognitive-behavioural treatment of gambling?

According to Ladouceur and colleagues, the core cognitive error of pathological gamblers is their misconception about:

A meta-analysis conducted by Moncrieff and Kirsch (2005) concluded that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have no clinically meaningful advantage over placebos even though:

Mixed designs are combinations of:

The accumulation and tabulation of the overall results of several empirical studies into a combined investigation involves conducting:

What is the main target of Ladouceur and his colleagues' (1998) exclusively cognitive treatment for gambling?

According to Ladouceur and colleagues, pathological gamblers develop a set of false beliefs. Specifically, they think that they can control: