Question 1

Match each definition with the appropriate term.
-a unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea
A)theory of mind
B)proposition
C)cognitive schema
D)mental image
E)concept

Accepted Answer

A proposition is a unit of meaning that expresses a single idea or concept.

Answer: E 
 A concept is a mental representation that is formed by grouping similar objects, events or experiences.

Answer: C 
 Cognitive schema refers to an organized pattern of thought or behavior that guides information processing and interpretation.

Answer: D 
 A mental image is a mental representation of a previously experienced sensation, perception or object.

Answer: A 
 Theory of mind refers to the ability to understand and attribute mental states like beliefs, feelings, desires to oneself and others. It is not a unit of meaning or concept.

Question 2

Match each definition with the appropriate term.
-an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world
A)theory of mind
B)proposition
C)cognitive schema
D)mental image
E)concept

Accepted Answer

A cognitive schema is an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world.

Answer: B 
 A proposition is a statement that expresses a unit of meaning.

Answer: D 
 A mental image is a mental representation of a sensory experience.

Answer: E 
 A concept is a mental representation that organizes information about a category.

Answer: A 
 Theory of mind is the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others, and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that may differ from one's own. It is not a term describing a mental network of knowledge.

Question 3

Match each definition with the appropriate term.
-a system of beliefs about the way one's own mind and the minds of others work, and of how individuals are affected by their beliefs and feelings
A)theory of mind
B)proposition
C)cognitive schema
D)mental image
E)concept

Accepted Answer

Theory of mind refers to the set of beliefs and assumptions that an individual has about their own mind and the minds of others.

Answer: C 
 Cognitive schema refers to the mental framework that individuals use to organize and interpret information.

Answer: D 
 Mental image refers to a mental representation or picture of a particular object or event.

Answer: E 
 Concept refers to the mental grouping of similar objects, events, or ideas.

Answer: B 
 Proposition refers to a statement that expresses a relationship between concepts or ideas.

Question 4

As a participant in a psychology experiment, Meredith is asked to rotate an image in her imagination. What aspect of psychology are the researchers studying? Based on Chapter 9, will Meredith be able to complete this task successfully?

Accepted Answer

The answer of As a participant in a psychology experiment,...

Question 5

Match each definition with the appropriate term.
-a mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualities having common properties
A)inductive reasoning
B)dialectal reasoning
C)implicit learning
D)tacit knowledge
E)deductive reasoning

Accepted Answer

This definition best fits the term "concept," which refers to a mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualities having common properties.

Answer: C
 This definition best fits the term "cognitive schema," which refers to a mental framework or organizational structure that helps a person make sense of information in the world.

Answer: D
 This definition best fits the term "mental image," which refers to a mental representation of a visual or sensory experience that can be recalled or imagined.

Answer: B
 This definition best fits the term "proposition," which refers to a statement or idea that can be true or false and that can be expressed in language or thought.

Answer: A
 This definition best fits the term "theory of mind," which refers to the ability to attribute mental states (beliefs, intentions, desires) to oneself and others in order to understand and predict behavior.

Question 6

Match each definition with the appropriate term.
-the tendency to overestimate one's ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known
A)hindsight bias
B)confirmation bias
C)heuristic
D)mental set
E)algorithm

Accepted Answer

Hindsight bias refers to the tendency to overestimate one's ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known.

Answer: B
 Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, or prioritize information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses.

Answer: C
 A heuristic is a mental shortcut or rule of thumb used to make decisions or solve problems.

Answer: D
 A mental set refers to a fixed way of thinking, often based on prior experience or assumptions, that can inhibit problem solving.

Answer: E
 An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem or completing a task.

Question 7

Match each definition with the appropriate term.
-a process in which opposing facts or ideas are weighed and compared, with a view to determining the best solution or resolving differences
A)inductive reasoning
B)dialectal reasoning
C)implicit learning
D)tacit knowledge
E)deductive reasoning

Accepted Answer

Dialectical reasoning involves weighing and comparing opposing facts or ideas in order to determine the best solution or resolve differences.

A) Inductive reasoning involves making generalizations based on specific observations or examples.

C) Implicit learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skills without conscious awareness or deliberate instruction.

D) Tacit knowledge refers to knowledge that is difficult to transfer to others because it is largely based on personal experience and intuition.

E) Deductive reasoning involves drawing specific conclusions based on general principles or premises.

Question 8

Match each definition with the appropriate term.
-learning that occurs when you acquire knowledge about something without being aware of how you did so and without being able to state exactly what it is you have learned
A)inductive reasoning
B)dialectal reasoning
C)implicit learning
D)tacit knowledge
E)deductive reasoning

Accepted Answer

Implicit learning is learning that occurs without awareness or conscious effort.

Answer: D
 Tacit knowledge refers to knowledge that is difficult to express or make explicit, but is often gained through experience or practice.

Answer: A
 Inductive reasoning involves drawing conclusions based on specific observations or examples, and is often used in scientific research.

Answer: E
 Deductive reasoning involves drawing conclusions based on general principles or assumptions, and is often used in mathematics and logic.

Answer: B
 Dialectical reasoning involves considering multiple perspectives or arguments in order to reach a synthesis or resolution.

Question 9

Match each definition with the appropriate term.
-a rule of thumb that suggests a course of action or guides problem solving but does not guarantee an optimal solution
A)hindsight bias
B)confirmation bias
C)heuristic
D)mental set
E)algorithm

Accepted Answer

A heuristic is a rule of thumb that suggests a course of action or guides problem solving but does not guarantee an optimal solution.

Answer: E
 An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure that guarantees an optimal solution to a problem.

Answer: D
 A mental set is a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way based on past experiences and preconceptions.

Answer: A
 Hindsight bias is the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

Answer: B
 Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs.

Question 10

Match each definition with the appropriate term.
-the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or adapt to changes in the environment
A)intelligence
B)reasoning
C)psychometrics
D)"g factor"
E)meta-cognition

Accepted Answer

The term that best matches this definition is "intelligence," which refers to the overall ability to understand and navigate the world around us.

Answer: B 
 "Reasoning" refers specifically to the ability to logically analyze information and draw conclusions. While it is related to intelligence, it is a more specific skill.

Answer: C 
 "Psychometrics" is the field of study concerned with measuring and assessing intelligence, aptitude, and other psychological traits.

Answer: D 
 "g factor" is a term used in psychology to refer to a generalized and overarching intelligence factor that underlies various cognitive abilities.

Answer: E 
 "Meta-cognition" is the ability to think about one's own thinking, including awareness of one's own cognitive processes and the ability to monitor and regulate one's own learning and performance. While related to intelligence, it is a more specific focus on self-awareness and regulatory abilities.

Question 11

Match each definition with the appropriate term.
-a problem-solving strategy guaranteed to produce a solution even if the user does not know how it works
A)hindsight bias
B)confirmation bias
C)heuristic
D)mental set
E)algorithm

Accepted Answer

An algorithm is a problem-solving strategy that is guaranteed to produce a solution even if the user does not know how it works.

Answer: C
 A heuristic is a problem-solving strategy that is efficient but does not guarantee a solution.

Answer: A
 Hindsight bias is the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

Answer: D
 Mental set is the tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past but may not be the best approach for the current problem.

Answer: B
 Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, or remember information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions or hypotheses.

Question 12

Match each definition with the appropriate term.
-a tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems
A)hindsight bias
B)confirmation bias
C)heuristic
D)mental set
E)algorithm

Accepted Answer

A mental set is the tendency to approach problems using a mindset that has worked in the past, which aligns with the given definition.

Question 13

Match each definition with the appropriate term.
-the drawing of conclusions or inferences from observations, facts, or assumptions
A)intelligence
B)reasoning
C)psychometrics
D)"g factor"
E)meta-cognition

Accepted Answer

Reasoning is the process of drawing conclusions or inferences from observations, facts, or assumptions.

Answer: C
 Psychometrics is the study of measuring psychological variables, including intelligence, using standardized tests and statistical methods.

Answer: D
 "g factor" refers to the general factor of intelligence, which is thought to underlie performance on a variety of cognitive tasks.

Answer: E
 Metacognition is the awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes, including the ability to reflect on and regulate one's own thinking.

Answer: A
 Intelligence refers to the ability to learn, reason, solve problems, and adapt to new situations. While it is related to reasoning, it is not the same thing as reasoning.

Question 14

Have you ever thought about what thinking itself has allowed you to do? Name three human capabilities that are possible because we can think!

Accepted Answer

The answer of Have you ever thought about what thinking...

Question 15

Match each definition with the appropriate term.
-the tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that supports one's own belief
A)hindsight bias
B)confirmation bias
C)heuristic
D)mental set
E)algorithm

Accepted Answer

Confirmation bias is the tendency to only search for or pay attention to information that supports one's belief, while ignoring or dismissing information that contradicts it.

Answer: C
 A heuristic is a mental shortcut or "rule of thumb" that helps us to make decisions quickly, but can sometimes lead to errors or biases.

Answer: D
 Mental set is the tendency to approach problems in a certain way, based on past experiences, which can lead to difficulty finding new solutions.

Answer: E
 An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem, which guarantees a correct solution but may not always be the most efficient method.

Answer: A
 Hindsight bias is the tendency, after an event has occurred, to believe that we would have predicted or expected the outcome, even when we had no actual basis for doing so.

Question 16

Match each definition with the appropriate term.
-the knowledge or awareness of one's own cognitive processes
A)intelligence
B)reasoning
C)psychometrics
D)"g factor"
E)meta-cognition

Accepted Answer

The term that best matches the definition is meta-cognition. Meta-cognition refers to the knowledge or awareness of one's own cognitive processes, including thinking, learning, and problem-solving. Intelligence (A) refers to general cognitive abilities, while reasoning (B) refers to the ability to think logically and draw conclusions. Psychometrics (C) is the field of study dedicated to the measurement and assessment of psychological traits, including intelligence. "g factor" (D) is a term used in psychometrics to refer to the general intelligence factor that underlies all cognitive abilities.

Question 17

Match each definition with the appropriate term.
-a general intellectual ability assumed by many theorists to underlie specific mental abilities and talents
A)intelligence
B)reasoning
C)psychometrics
D)"g factor"
E)meta-cognition

Accepted Answer

The "g factor" or general intelligence factor is a construct that is believed to underlie specific mental abilities and talents, representing a general intellectual ability.

Question 18

Match each definition with the appropriate term.
-the measurement of mental abilities, traits, and processes
A)intelligence
B)reasoning
C)psychometrics
D)"g factor"
E)meta-cognition

Accepted Answer

Psychometrics is the study of the measurement of psychological traits, abilities, and processes.

Answer: A
 Intelligence refers to the general cognitive ability to learn and reason.

Answer: C
 Psychometrics is the study of the measurement of psychological traits, abilities, and processes.

Answer: D
 "g factor" refers to the general intelligence factor that underlies all mental abilities.

Answer: E
 Meta-cognition refers to the awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.

Question 19

Match each definition with the appropriate term.
-a process in which opposing facts or ideas are weighed and compared, with a view to determining the best solution or resolving differences
A)inductive reasoning
B)dialectal reasoning
C)implicit learning
D)tacit knowledge
E)deductive reasoning

Accepted Answer

Dialectical reasoning involves weighing and comparing opposing facts or ideas in order to determine the best solution or resolve differences.

A) Inductive reasoning involves making generalizations based on specific observations or examples.

C) Implicit learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skills without conscious awareness or deliberate instruction.

D) Tacit knowledge refers to knowledge that is difficult to transfer to others because it is largely based on personal experience and intuition.

E) Deductive reasoning involves drawing specific conclusions based on general principles or premises.

Question 20

Match each definition with the appropriate term.
-a form of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from certain premises; if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true
A)inductive reasoning
B)dialectal reasoning
C)implicit learning
D)tacit knowledge
E)deductive reasoning

Accepted Answer

Deductive reasoning is the form of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from certain premises. If the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.

Answer: A
 Inductive reasoning is a form of reasoning that involves drawing a general conclusion from specific observations. It differs from deductive reasoning in that it does not guarantee the truth of the conclusion.

Answer: C
 Implicit learning is the process of acquiring knowledge without conscious awareness or intention.

Answer: D
 Tacit knowledge is the type of knowledge that is difficult to articulate or transfer to others, such as skills or expertise that have been acquired through experience.

Answer: B
 Dialectical reasoning is a way of thinking that involves considering multiple perspectives and viewpoints in order to arrive at a synthesis or resolution. It is often associated with the philosophy of Hegel and Marx.

Quiz 9: Thinking and Intelligence

Match each definition with the appropriate term. -a unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea

Match each definition with the appropriate term. -an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world

Match each definition with the appropriate term. -a system of beliefs about the way one's own mind and the minds of others work, and of how individuals are affected by their beliefs and feelings

As a participant in a psychology experiment, Meredith is asked to rotate an image in her imagination. What aspect of psychology are the researchers studying? Based on Chapter 9, will Meredith be able to complete this task successfully?

Match each definition with the appropriate term. -a mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualities having common properties

Match each definition with the appropriate term. -the tendency to overestimate one's ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known

Match each definition with the appropriate term. -a process in which opposing facts or ideas are weighed and compared, with a view to determining the best solution or resolving differences

Match each definition with the appropriate term. -learning that occurs when you acquire knowledge about something without being aware of how you did so and without being able to state exactly what it is you have learned

Match each definition with the appropriate term. -a rule of thumb that suggests a course of action or guides problem solving but does not guarantee an optimal solution

Match each definition with the appropriate term. -the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or adapt to changes in the environment

Match each definition with the appropriate term. -a problem-solving strategy guaranteed to produce a solution even if the user does not know how it works

Match each definition with the appropriate term. -a tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems

Match each definition with the appropriate term. -the drawing of conclusions or inferences from observations, facts, or assumptions

Have you ever thought about what thinking itself has allowed you to do? Name three human capabilities that are possible because we can think!

Match each definition with the appropriate term. -the tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that supports one's own belief

Match each definition with the appropriate term. -the knowledge or awareness of one's own cognitive processes

Match each definition with the appropriate term. -a general intellectual ability assumed by many theorists to underlie specific mental abilities and talents

Match each definition with the appropriate term. -the measurement of mental abilities, traits, and processes

Match each definition with the appropriate term. -a process in which opposing facts or ideas are weighed and compared, with a view to determining the best solution or resolving differences

Match each definition with the appropriate term. -a form of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from certain premises; if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true