Question 1

Examples of behaviors learned through classical conditioning would include all the following EXCEPT
A) both pleasant and unpleasant emotional responses.
B) simple reflexive behaviors such as blinking.
C) the physiological functioning of the immune system.
D) voluntary behaviors such as setting the table for dinner.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses, while setting the table is a voluntary behavior, typically learned through operant conditioning.

Question 2

The initial stage of learning a response is called
A) extinction.
B) contiguity.
C) acquisition.
D) conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The initial stage of learning a response is called acquisition. This is the stage where the organism is learning to associate a particular stimulus with a particular response. Extinction refers to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response, while contiguity refers to the closeness in time between a stimulus and response. Conditioning refers to the process of learning associations between a stimulus and a response.

Question 3

A woman reported feeling "weak in the knees" whenever she smelled cigarette smoke and Beemans gum because of the association of these smells with her first love.In this example,her "weak knees" would be
A) an unconditioned response.
B) a conditioned stimulus.
C) an unconditioned stimulus.
D) a conditioned response.

Accepted Answer

The woman's "weak knees" are a response that has been conditioned by her association of cigarette smoke and Beemans gum with her first love. Therefore, her response is a conditioned response (D).

Question 4

Classical conditioning could easily account for how a young child might learn to
A) become potty-trained.
B) feed himself.
C) pick up his toys.
D) fear the dentist.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves learning through the association of stimuli. Fear of the dentist could develop through pairing the dental experience (stimulus) with pain or discomfort (response). This pairing could lead to the child eventually developing a fear or anxiety response to the mere presence or thought of a dentist appointment. A, B, and C are more likely to involve operant conditioning (learning through consequences and rewards) rather than classical conditioning.

Question 5

If a child covers his/her ears when seeing fireworks,before hearing the sound of the fireworks,seeing the fireworks would be a(n)
A) unconditioned response
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

The child covering their ears in response to seeing fireworks is not a natural or innate response, therefore it cannot be an unconditioned response or unconditioned stimulus. It is likely that the child has learned to associate the visual stimulus of fireworks with the loud noise that follows, resulting in a conditioned response to cover their ears. Therefore, seeing the fireworks is the conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response of covering the ears.

Question 6

The study by Domjan et al.(1998),which investigated the adaptive significance of sexual conditioning,may shed some light on
A) how erectile dysfunction may develop in humans.
B) why some species fail to reproduce and become extinct.
C) how sexual fetishes develop in humans.
D) the evolutionary causes of infertility in humans.

Accepted Answer

The study by Domjan et al. (1998) focused on sexual conditioning, which is related to how certain stimuli can become associated with sexual arousal and behavior, potentially explaining the development of sexual fetishes in humans.

Question 7

If you find that you have more positive feelings toward a product after an attractive spokeperson gives you a free sample,your change in attitudes would be said to have resulted from
A) evaluative conditioning
B) escape learning
C) reflexive conditioning
D) observational learning

Accepted Answer

Evaluative conditioning is a process of changing attitudes or feelings toward a target stimulus (product in this case) through pairing it with another stimulus (attractive spokesperson). When the spokesperson provides a free sample, it creates a positive association with the product, leading to a change in attitudes towards it. There is no indication of escape learning, reflexive conditioning, or observational learning in this scenario.

Question 8

Belinda was very close to her father,she claims that he always made her feel safe.Belinda's father always wore "Stetson" cologne.Today every time she smells the scent of "Stetson" cologne she develops a pleasant feeling of warmth and comfort.The learning process that could best account for Belinda's pleasant feelings is
A) operant conditioning.
B) observational learning.
C) delayed reinforcement.
D) classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The scenario describes classical conditioning, where Belinda has learned to associate the pleasant feeling of warmth and comfort with the scent of "Stetson" cologne, which was always worn by her father.

Question 9

Frederick cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill,even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office.In this example,the pain of dental drilling is
A) a conditioned response.
B) an unconditioned stimulus.
C) an unconditioned response.
D) a conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The pain of dental drilling is an unconditioned stimulus because it naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior conditioning.

Question 10

When advertisers pair their products with attractive people or enjoyable surroundings,in the hope that the pairings will cause their products to evoke good feelings,they are using principles derived from
A) classical conditioning.
B) state-dependent learning.
C) observational learning.
D) operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response. Eventually, the neutral stimulus alone will elicit the same response. In this case, the attractive people or enjoyable surroundings serve as the stimulus that naturally elicits positive feelings or emotions. By pairing their products with those stimuli, advertisers hope that their products will eventually elicit those same positive feelings or emotions.

Question 11

Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to
A) sing a song.
B) tie shoe laces.
C) print letters.
D) fear the dark.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is a process of learning by association. Fear of the dark can be learned through classical conditioning, as a child may have experienced fear or discomfort in the dark and then come to associate those negative feelings with being in the dark. The other options involve more explicit forms of learning (such as memorization or motor skills development) that are not based on association between stimuli.

Question 12

Simon cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill,even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office.In this example,cringing in the waiting room is
A) an unconditioned response.
B) a conditioned stimulus.
C) a conditioned response.
D) an unconditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

Simon's cringing at the sound of the dentist's drill is not an automatic or natural response, which rules out options A and D. Instead, it is a learned response that has become associated with the sound of the drill through past experiences. Therefore, it is a conditioned response (option C). Though the sound of the drill itself may be considered a conditioned stimulus (option B), the question specifically asks about Simon's response in the waiting room, not in the presence of the drill itself.

Question 13

When personal likes and dislikes are acquired through processes of classical conditioning,the learning is referred to as
A) evaluative conditioning
B) higher-order conditioning
C) positive reinforcement
D) vicarious learning

Accepted Answer

Evaluative conditioning is the process by which an individual's liking for or disliking of a stimulus is acquired through classical conditioning. This is frequently observed in advertising, where a positive emotional response to a brand is developed through its association with something that already elicits positive emotions. For example, an advertisement for a car may feature a happy family on a picnic, creating a positive association with the vehicle that is being advertised.

Question 14

A woman reported feeling "weak in the knees" whenever she smelled cigarette smoke and Beemans gum because of the association of these smells with her first love.In this example,the combined smell of cigarettes and Beemans gum would be
A) a conditioned response.
B) an unconditioned response.
C) a conditioned stimulus.
D) an unconditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The combined smell of cigarettes and Beemans gum is a conditioned stimulus because it has become associated with the woman's first love, causing the response of feeling "weak in the knees." It was not initially associated with this response, therefore it is not an unconditioned stimulus or response.

Question 15

When an individual has a phobia,the irrational fear and anxiety that the person experiences is
A) a conditioned response.
B) an unconditioned response.
C) a conditioned stimulus.
D) an unconditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The irrational fear and anxiety that an individual experiences with a phobia is a conditioned response. This is because the individual has learned to associate a specific object or situation with intense fear and anxiety, often through previous negative experiences or exposure to fearful reactions from others. This association becomes so strong that even the thought or anticipation of encountering the phobic object or situation can trigger a strong fear response.

Question 16

Assuming you have eaten sour pickles before,imagine eating a large,juicy sour pickle.If just thinking about the pickles causes your mouth to water,your salivation would be
A) a conditioned stimulus.
B) a conditioned response.
C) an unconditioned stimulus.
D) an unconditioned response.

Accepted Answer

Salivation in response to thinking about pickles is a conditioned response because it is learned through association with the taste of pickles.

Question 17

Lyn is afraid of all spiders because her brother once dropped a spider down her shirt when she was younger.Today,even the sight of a rubber spider is enough to send shivers down her spine.The learning process that could best account for Lyn's fear of spiders is
A) operant conditioning.
B) observational learning.
C) delayed reinforcement.
D) classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Lyn's fear of spiders is likely due to classical conditioning, where she associates the sight or even the thought of spiders with the fear response that she learned when her brother dropped a spider down her shirt. This association created a conditioned response to spiders, leading to her fear of them even in the absence of an actual threat.

Question 18

Researchers have found that animals show evidence of classical conditioning if they are injected with a drug that chemically causes immunosuppression,while they are simultaneously drinking an unusual-tasting liquid.In these studies,the conditioned response would be
A) the immunosuppression.
B) the taste of the liquid that is used.
C) the injection of the drug.
D) fear of the injection process.

Accepted Answer

The conditioned response in classical conditioning is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus, which in this case is the immunosuppression that occurs as a reaction to the unusual-tasting liquid after conditioning, not the initial unconditioned response to the drug.

Question 19

Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to
A) talk.
B) play baseball.
C) walk.
D) love the smell of her father's after shave.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves learning an association between stimuli, such as pairing a particular smell with a positive experience. A child could learn to associate the smell of their father's after shave with the positive experience of spending time with him, leading to a conditioned response of liking the smell. This process could occur even before the child is able to talk, walk or play baseball.

Question 20

In Pavlov's principle experiment the conditioned stimulus was the
A) salivation.
B) meat powder.
C) light.
D) tone.

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus in Pavlov's principle experiment was the tone that was repeatedly paired with the presentation of meat powder, which served as the unconditioned stimulus that elicited salivation. Over time, the tone alone became able to elicit salivation, demonstrating that it had become a conditioned stimulus. Therefore, the correct choice is D, the tone.

Quiz 6: Learning

Examples of behaviors learned through classical conditioning would include all the following EXCEPT

The initial stage of learning a response is called

A woman reported feeling "weak in the knees" whenever she smelled cigarette smoke and Beemans gum because of the association of these smells with her first love.In this example,her "weak knees" would be

Classical conditioning could easily account for how a young child might learn to

If a child covers his/her ears when seeing fireworks,before hearing the sound of the fireworks,seeing the fireworks would be a(n)

The study by Domjan et al.(1998) ,which investigated the adaptive significance of sexual conditioning,may shed some light on

If you find that you have more positive feelings toward a product after an attractive spokeperson gives you a free sample,your change in attitudes would be said to have resulted from

Frederick cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill,even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office.In this example,the pain of dental drilling is

When advertisers pair their products with attractive people or enjoyable surroundings,in the hope that the pairings will cause their products to evoke good feelings,they are using principles derived from

Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to

Simon cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill,even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office.In this example,cringing in the waiting room is

When personal likes and dislikes are acquired through processes of classical conditioning,the learning is referred to as

A woman reported feeling "weak in the knees" whenever she smelled cigarette smoke and Beemans gum because of the association of these smells with her first love.In this example,the combined smell of cigarettes and Beemans gum would be

When an individual has a phobia,the irrational fear and anxiety that the person experiences is

Assuming you have eaten sour pickles before,imagine eating a large,juicy sour pickle.If just thinking about the pickles causes your mouth to water,your salivation would be

Lyn is afraid of all spiders because her brother once dropped a spider down her shirt when she was younger.Today,even the sight of a rubber spider is enough to send shivers down her spine.The learning process that could best account for Lyn's fear of spiders is

Researchers have found that animals show evidence of classical conditioning if they are injected with a drug that chemically causes immunosuppression,while they are simultaneously drinking an unusual-tasting liquid.In these studies,the conditioned response would be

Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to

In Pavlov's principle experiment the conditioned stimulus was the