Question 1

The mosrequent attribute,in either grouped or ungrouped data,is the
A) mean.
B) median.
C) mode.
D) range.
E) marginal.

Accepted Answer

The most frequent attribute can be determined by finding the mode, which is the value that appears the most often in the data set. The mean (average) and median (middle value) can also be used to describe the central tendency of a data set, but they may not necessarily indicate the most frequent attribute. The range and marginal are not measures of central tendency.

Question 2

Which of the following measures of central tendency can be used at any level of measurement?
A) Mean
B) Mode
C) Median
D) Standard deviation

Accepted Answer

The mode, which represents the most frequently occurring value in a data set, can be used for nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio levels of measurement, making it applicable to any level of measurement.

Question 3

If the standard deviation equals 0,we may conclude
A) that there is no dispersion in the data.
B) that the mean is a poor measure of the average.
C) that the data have a great deal of dispersion.
D) The mode is 0.

Accepted Answer

If the standard deviation equals 0, it means that all the data points are identical and there is no variability in the data. Therefore, there is no dispersion in the data.

Question 4

A research article reports that the mean number of group treatment sessions attended by a sample of people was 20,with a median of 12 and a mode of 10.Which of the following statements is/are true about the sample?
A)It is normally distributed.
B) Some people attended much more than 20 sessions.
C) Most people attended about 15 to 20 sessions.
D) More than half the sample attended exactly 10 sessions.

Accepted Answer

Since the median (12) is less than the mean (20) and the mode (10) is even lower, the distribution is likely skewed to the right. This means that some people attended many more sessions than the mean of 20, supporting choice B. Choice A is not necessarily true since skewness means that the distribution is not normal. Choice C is not necessarily true since the mode suggests a cluster of people who attended only 10 sessions, not 15-20. Choice D is not true because the mode only indicates the number of people who attended exactly 10 sessions, not the proportion of the sample.

Question 5

Given the following values,the median is 4,8,5,11,13,7,9,10,3
A) 8
B) 13
C) 7.8
D) 5

Accepted Answer

To find the median, first, arrange the numbers in ascending order: 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. The median is the middle number, which is 8.

Question 6

Which of the following guidelines should be kept in mind when coding?
A) the coding scheme should be appropriate to the analysis intended in the study.
B) data should be coded in less detail than the researcher intends to use in the analysis.
C) the reliability of the coders can be assumed.
D) Codes cannot be generated from data that has already been collected.

Accepted Answer

The coding scheme should be appropriate to the analysis intended in the study to ensure that the data is accurately interpreted and analyzed. The other choices are incorrect. Data should be coded in as much detail as possible to capture all relevant information, the reliability of coders should be tested and established, and codes can be generated from pre-existing data through various techniques such as content analysis.

Question 7

A measure of dispersion describes
A) where the data are clustered.
B) which data are the most important.
C) how spread out the data are.
D) the central tendency.

Accepted Answer

A measure of dispersion tells us how spread out the data is. The other options (A, B, and D) are all related to measures of central tendency rather than dispersion.

Question 8

Professor Jones asked respondents for the exact number of times they had to evacuate their home because of a hurricane.Jones,therefore,is measuring this variable at the ________ level.
A) nominal
B) interval
C) ratio
D) ordinal

Accepted Answer

The variable is being measured at the ratio level because it has a true zero point (i.e. the number of times evacuated can be 0). None of the other options have a true zero point.

Question 9

A research article reports that the number of group treatment sessions attended by a sample was normally distributed,with a mean of 20 and a standard deviation of 6.Which of the following statements is/are true about the sample?
A)Over 75% attended at least 20 sessions.
B) Over one-third attended more than 26 sessions.
C) Slightly more than 15 % attended less than 14 sessions.
D) Slightly more than 15 % attended less than 8 sessions.

Accepted Answer

C) is correct because it applies the empirical rule (or 68-95-99.7 rule) for normal distributions. According to this rule, approximately 68% of the data falls within one standard deviation of the mean (20 ± 6), 95% within two standard deviations (20 ± 12), and 99.7% within three standard deviations (20 ± 18). Therefore, slightly more than 15% (100% - 68% / 2) of the sample attended less than 14 sessions (20 - 6 = 14). Choices A, B, and D do not accurately apply the properties of a normal distribution based on the given mean and standard deviation.

Question 10

Coding refers to
A) the assignment of a number or numeral to the attributes of a variable.
B) the assignment of a row in a data matrix to each questionnaire item.
C) the assignment of a number or numeral to each questionnaire item.
D) transferring variables to the computer.
E)the assignment of a variable to a computer column.

Accepted Answer

Coding in research refers to the process of assigning a number or numeral to the attributes of a variable to facilitate data analysis.

Question 11

A researcher measured attitudes about a proposed health reform bill with the categories strongly agree,agree,indifferent,disagree,and strongly disagree.The researcher was using the ______ level of measurement.
A) nominal
B) interval
C) ratio
D) ordinal

Accepted Answer

The categories in this instance are ranked in a particular order, which indicates ordinal level of measurement. However, the scale does not provide any numerical or quantitative data, which rules out interval and ratio levels of measurement. Nominal level of measurement would apply if the categories were simply labeled with names, such as "Option A," "Option B," etc.

Question 12

The following line of coded data applies to the codebook given in question 5:121.This line of codes
A) represents a full-time female student with a direct practice concentration.
B) represents a full-time male student with a clinical concentration.
C) represents a part-time male student with a mental health concentration.
D) represents a part-time female student with a micro concentration.

Accepted Answer

The code "121" breaks down as follows:

1. Full-time status
2. Female gender
3. Direct practice concentration

Therefore, the line of code represents a full-time female student with a direct practice concentration.

Question 13

In reading a table that someone else has constructed,the rule of thumb is
A) if the table is percentaged down, read across, and if the table is percentaged across, read down.
B) if the table is percentaged down, read down.
C) if the table is percentaged across, read across.
D)The direction you read does not matter.

Accepted Answer

When a table is percentaged down, it means that the percentages are calculated vertically in each column, while the actual values are horizontally displayed. Therefore, to interpret the data accurately, we need to read across the columns. Similarly, when a table is percentaged across, it means that the percentages are calculated horizontally in each row, and the actual values are vertically displayed. In such cases, we need to read down the rows. Hence, the rule of thumb is to read across when the table is percentaged down and to read down when the table is percentaged across.

Question 14

Given the following age distribution,the mean is 16,31,5,30,4,3,2
A) 2
B) 5
C) 13
D) 30

Accepted Answer

The mean is the average of all the values. To find the average, you add up all the values and divide by the total number of values. In this case, we have 7 values. Adding them up, we get: 16+31+5+30+4+3+2=91. Dividing by 7, we get 13. Therefore, the best choice is C.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true about data processing?
A) It is best to run your data analyses immediately after you enter your data.
B) Computers will automatically correct data entry errors.
C) Using possible code cleaning, you examine the distribution of responses to each item to see if some responses exisor codes you didn't use.
D) None of these statements is true

Accepted Answer

Possible code cleaning involves examining the distribution of responses to each item to identify any incorrect responses or codes that were not used. Option A is not always feasible or necessary, and option B is not true as computers cannot automatically correct all data entry errors. Option D is incorrect as option C is true.

Question 16

Your codebook contains codes 1,2,and 9 for the variable "religion." Your data show a single code of 5 in the distribution on religion.You should
A) assume this is a random error and ignore it.
B) do possible-code cleaning.
C) do contingency cleaning.
D) do some data analysis.
E none of the above.

Accepted Answer

Since the data show a code (5) that does not match any of the codes in the codebook, it is necessary to clean the data by checking for possible coding errors. Possible-code cleaning involves checking for codes that are close to the code in question, such as 4 or 6, and verifying with the respondent or rechecking the original data source.  Contingency cleaning and data analysis are not necessary in this situation. Ignoring the error may introduce bias into the analysis if the code actually represents another meaningful category.

Question 17

Assuming that there are no missing data,which line of three codes would reflect a data entry error for at least one of the following three variables: gender male or female; whether currently incarcerated yes or no; and ethnicity White/not Hispanic,African American,Hispanic,Asian American,Other?
A) 2 2 3
B) 3 3 6
C) 1 2 4
D) 2 1 5

Accepted Answer

B) 3 3 6 reflects a data entry error because the third variable (ethnicity) has only 5 categories listed, making the entry of "6" invalid.

Question 18

The following information was found in a codebook about social work students:
COLUMNS DESCRIPTION
1 Enrollment status
1 = Full-time
2 = Part-time
3 = Other
4 Gender
1 = male
2 = female
5 Concentration
1 = Direct practice
2 = Clinical
3 = Micro
4 = Macro
5 = Communities
6 = Administration
7 = Child welfare
8 = Mental health
Which of the following statements is true concerning the codebook?
A) The variables in this codebook are male, female, and concentration.
B) Gender has been coded so that the categories are mutually exclusive and exhaustive.
C) Concentration has been coded so that the categories are mutually exclusive and exhaustive.
D) None of these statements is true.

Accepted Answer

Gender has been coded so that the categories are mutually exclusive (i.e., a person can only be male or female) and exhaustive (i.e., all possible genders are included).

Question 19

Which of the following illustrates a grouped data frequency distribution?
A) 36 students are enrolled in introductory statistics, section A.
B) 5 new students have been accepted on the editorial staff of their school paper.Two of the students are 18 years of age, one is 19 years, and two are 21 years of age.
C) of the 20 female students living in a housing complex, 10 are under 20 years of age, one is between 20 and 25 years, seven are between 26 and 30 years, and two are above 30 years.
D) none of these.

Accepted Answer

Option C shows a grouped data frequency distribution where data is organized into groups or intervals with corresponding frequencies. The other options simply provide information about the number or characteristics of individuals without organizing the data into intervals.

Question 20

An example of multivariate analysis would be
A) an examination of the ages of all women who are corporate executives.
B) an analysis of the relationship among age, sex, and type of nightsporequented in a given city in the Midwest.
C) an analysis of the relationship that exists between types of undergraduate major and position held in business.
D) an analysis of the relationship between type of offense and length of prison sentence for those who had a jury trial.

Accepted Answer

Multivariate analysis involves studying multiple variables or factors simultaneously. In option B, the analysis involves examining the relationship between three variables - age, sex, and type of nightlife - and therefore qualifies as an example of multivariate analysis. The other options only involve analyzing two variables at a time.

Quiz 21: Quantitative Data Analysis

The mosrequent attribute,in either grouped or ungrouped data,is the

Which of the following measures of central tendency can be used at any level of measurement?

If the standard deviation equals 0,we may conclude

A research article reports that the mean number of group treatment sessions attended by a sample of people was 20,with a median of 12 and a mode of 10.Which of the following statements is/are true about the sample?

Given the following values,the median is 4,8,5,11,13,7,9,10,3

Which of the following guidelines should be kept in mind when coding?

A measure of dispersion describes

Professor Jones asked respondents for the exact number of times they had to evacuate their home because of a hurricane.Jones,therefore,is measuring this variable at the ________ level.

A research article reports that the number of group treatment sessions attended by a sample was normally distributed,with a mean of 20 and a standard deviation of 6.Which of the following statements is/are true about the sample?

Coding refers to

A researcher measured attitudes about a proposed health reform bill with the categories strongly agree,agree,indifferent,disagree,and strongly disagree.The researcher was using the ______ level of measurement.

The following line of coded data applies to the codebook given in question 5:121.This line of codes

In reading a table that someone else has constructed,the rule of thumb is

Given the following age distribution,the mean is 16,31,5,30,4,3,2

Which of the following statements is true about data processing?

Your codebook contains codes 1,2,and 9 for the variable "religion." Your data show a single code of 5 in the distribution on religion.You should

Assuming that there are no missing data,which line of three codes would reflect a data entry error for at least one of the following three variables: gender male or female; whether currently incarcerated yes or no; and ethnicity White/not Hispanic,African American,Hispanic,Asian American,Other?

Which of the following illustrates a grouped data frequency distribution?

An example of multivariate analysis would be