Question 1

The textbook describes implications of adult learning theory for training and development.Which of the following does the textbook NOT consider?
A) material should be presented in an entertaining manner
B) material should leverage learners' experiences
C) learners should be consulted in the needs analysis process
D) learners should be provided opportunities to learn on their own

Accepted Answer

The textbook does not consider that material should be presented in an entertaining manner as a key implication of adult learning theory. While engaging and interactive training can enhance learning outcomes, entertainment should not be the primary goal of training and development programs.

Question 2

Cognitive ability is synonymous with a traditional definition of intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive ability refers to the mental processes that involve perception, reasoning, learning, and problem-solving, which are typically considered as components of intelligence. Therefore, cognitive ability is often used interchangeably with the term intelligence in traditional understanding.

Question 3

What is the first stage of the ACT theory?
A) knowledge compilation
B) declarative knowledge
C) procedural knowledge
D) knowledge acquisition

Accepted Answer

The first stage of the ACT (Adaptive Control of Thought) theory is declarative knowledge, which involves learning facts, concepts, and experiences.

Question 4

Which of the following is part of the broad categories of learning outcomes developed by Kurt Kraiger and colleagues?
A) knowledge organization
B) affective outcomes
C) verbal organization
D) proximal outcomes

Accepted Answer

According to Kurt Kraiger and colleagues, the broad categories of learning outcomes include cognitive outcomes (such as knowledge organization and verbal organization), affective outcomes (such as changes in attitudes or values), and behavioral outcomes (such as proximal outcomes and distal outcomes). Therefore, the correct answer is B, affective outcomes.

Question 5

What are the two ways in which motivation theories are categorized?
A) extrinsic and intrinsic theories
B) process and need theories
C) mastery and performance theories
D) Maslow's need hierarchy and expectancy theory

Accepted Answer

There are two main categories of motivation theories: process and need theories. Process theories focus on how behavior is motivated, while need theories focus on the specific needs that motivate behavior. Examples of process theories include Vroom's expectancy theory and Adam's equity theory, while Maslow's hierarchy of needs is an example of a need theory.

Question 6

What concept best describes a hockey player's belief that he/she is able to score two goals in one game?
A) self-awareness
B) observation
C) self-efficacy
D) self-regulation

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to successfully execute a specific task or behavior. The hockey player's belief that they can score two goals in one game is an example of self-efficacy belief.

Question 7

John Anderson's ACT theory describes learning as a process across three stages.Which of these stages is NOT part of the ACT theory?
A) declarative knowledge
B) knowledge compilation
C) adaptive knowledge
D) procedural knowledge

Accepted Answer

ACT theory, developed by John Anderson, outlines three stages of learning: declarative knowledge, knowledge compilation, and procedural knowledge. Adaptive knowledge is not a stage in the ACT theory.

Question 8

According to Robert Gagné,which of the following is generally related to the learning outcome associated with intellectual skills?
A) being able recall the capital of Argentina
B) being able to remember the last three Stanley Cup winners
C) being able to recite the alphabet
D) being able to operate a tractor

Accepted Answer

Intellectual skills are related to the ability to manipulate ideas and concepts, solve problems, and use critical thinking. Being able to operate a tractor requires these types of skills, while recalling capital cities or reciting the alphabet are more related to memory and retrieval. Remembering past Stanley Cup winners relates to knowledge comprehension, but not intellectual skills.

Question 9

Which phrase best describes the goals and objectives of training?
A) Training is simply the means for accomplishing the goal, and the goal is learning.
B) Training is the process of acquiring knowledge and skills.
C) Training occurs when a new behaviour has been learned and it can be thought of as a skill.
D) Training occurs when employees develop an understanding and connection to work.

Accepted Answer

Training is a means to achieve the goal of learning, which encompasses acquiring knowledge, skills, and behaviors.

Question 10

What additional input must be incorporated into social cognitive theory for observed behaviours to be attempted?
A) self-motivation
B) self-assessment
C) self-regulation
D) self-efficacy

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy, or one's belief in their ability to successfully perform a behavior, is crucial in social cognitive theory for observed behaviors to be attempted. Without self-efficacy, individuals may not believe they are capable of performing the behavior, and thus will not attempt it. While self-motivation, self-assessment, and self-regulation are also important factors in social cognitive theory, they are not essential for observed behaviors to be attempted.

Question 11

Within the context of the conditioning process,what is the ultimate goal of chaining?
A) to reward each step involved in performing a task for a set period of time
B) to continue to reward each step in perpetuity
C) to reward only the complete task, not the individual steps
D) to continue to reward both steps and final tasks for a set period of time

Accepted Answer

The ultimate goal of chaining is to break down complex tasks into smaller, more manageable steps, and to gradually reinforce those steps until the entire task can be completed successfully. However, the reinforcement should only be given for the successful completion of the entire task, and not for individual steps. This helps to ensure that the animal or person is motivated to complete the entire task, rather than stopping at a certain step in order to receive a reward.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the conditioning theory concept known as generalization?
A) the conditioned response occurs in circumstances different from those during learning
B) the reinforcement of each step in a process until it is mastered
C) the reinforcement of entire sequences of a task
D) the desired behaviour that is associated with a learning outcome

Accepted Answer

Generalization refers to the tendency for a conditioned response to occur in situations that are similar to the one in which the response was learned. In other words, the learning "generalizes" to other situations. Option A best describes this concept. Option B describes shaping, option C describes chaining, and option D describes a learning outcome.

Question 13

Why does ACT theory have important implications for learning and training?
A) It suggests that motivational interventions might be more or less effective depending on the stage of learning.
B) It recognizes that learning is a stage-like process that involves four important stages.
C) It indicates that similar types of learning take place at different stages throughout the learning process.
D) It relies on a complete assessment of the training needs of the participants prior to designing the training event.

Accepted Answer

ACT theory emphasizes the importance of understanding the learner's stage of learning and how motivation can vary at different stages. This suggests that motivational interventions, such as goal-setting or feedback, may need to be tailored to the specific stage of learning to be most effective. Therefore, understanding the implications of the theory can help trainers design more effective learning experiences.

Question 14

Observational learning requires four key elements including attention,retention,reproduction,and reinforcement.What type of activity is associated with reproduction?
A) employees must be aware and observe the behaviour
B) employees must observe and encode the behaviour
C) employees must practice and rehearse the behaviour
D) employees must continue to apply the behaviour

Accepted Answer

Reproduction in observational learning refers to the process of practicing and rehearsing the behavior that was observed. Therefore, option C, "employees must practice and rehearse the behavior," is the best choice.

Question 15

Why do managers use conditioning theory principles with training and development?
A) to indoctrinate employees with organizational culture
B) to discipline employees with negative consequences
C) to develop awareness for organizational rites and ceremonies
D) to influence employee actions and behaviours

Accepted Answer

Managers use conditioning theory principles with training and development to influence employee actions and behaviours. This is done by reinforcing desired behaviours with positive consequences and discouraging undesired behaviours with negative consequences. The goal is to shape employees' behaviours so that they align with the goals and values of the organization.

Question 16

What type of motivation theory is expectancy theory?
A) need
B) goal
C) process
D) expectation

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory is a process theory of motivation, which means that it focuses on how individuals make decisions about whether or not to engage in certain behaviors based on the expected outcomes of those behaviors. It proposes that individuals are motivated by three key factors: expectancy (the belief that effort will lead to performance), instrumentality (the belief that performance will lead to outcomes), and valence (the value an individual places on those outcomes).

Question 17

What is one input that is necessary to assess an individual's learning style?
A) The way he/she evaluates information through abstract conceptualization.
B) The way he/she self-regulates his/her behaviour through active experimentation.
C) The way he/she gathers information through concrete experience.
D) The way he/she responds to anomalous information sources through reflective observation.

Accepted Answer

One input that is necessary to assess an individual's learning style is the way he/she gathers information through concrete experience. This refers to the preference for learning by direct interaction with the material or hands-on experience. Other inputs that are useful in assessing learning style include methods of processing information, preferences for social interaction, and preferences for presentation formats.

Question 18

According to the expectancy theory,a number of factors determine the level of effort a trainee will direct toward a specific training activity.Which of the following is considered by this theory as a determinant factor?
A) wanting to succeed
B) mastery of task
C) training setting
D) valence

Accepted Answer

According to the expectancy theory, valence is a key determinant factor in directing effort toward a specific training activity. Valence refers to an individual's belief about the desirability of a particular outcome or reward that may be associated with completing the training. If an individual values the outcome or reward, they are more likely to put in effort towards completing the training. Therefore, the correct answer is D- valence.

Question 19

Which psychologist's theories support the following statement: "Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour in response to a particular stimulus or set of stimuli"?
A) Alfred Aldler
B) Burrhus Frederic Skinner
C) Clayton Paul Alderfer
D) Sigmund Freud

Accepted Answer

Burrhus Frederic Skinner, a behaviorist psychologist, believed that learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior in response to a particular stimulus or set of stimuli. He emphasized the importance of reinforcement in shaping behavior and developed the concept of operant conditioning. Skinner's theories have been influential in the field of education, particularly in the development of behavior modification techniques.

Question 20

How does ERG theory differ from Maslow's need theory?
A) ERG theory provides a rigid hierarchy of needs in which one must move up the hierarchy in a lock-step fashion.
B) Maslow's need theory assumes that a lower-level need must be gratified before a higher-level need becomes motivational.
C) ERG theory states that if individuals are unable to satisfy a higher-level need, the desire to satisfy a lower-level need will decrease.
D) Maslow's need theory has the basic premise that physiological needs have the greatest motivating potential.

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does ERG theory differ from Maslow's...

Quiz 3: Learning and Motivation

The textbook describes implications of adult learning theory for training and development.Which of the following does the textbook NOT consider?

Cognitive ability is synonymous with a traditional definition of intelligence.

What is the first stage of the ACT theory?

Which of the following is part of the broad categories of learning outcomes developed by Kurt Kraiger and colleagues?

What are the two ways in which motivation theories are categorized?

What concept best describes a hockey player's belief that he/she is able to score two goals in one game?

John Anderson's ACT theory describes learning as a process across three stages.Which of these stages is NOT part of the ACT theory?

According to Robert Gagné,which of the following is generally related to the learning outcome associated with intellectual skills?

Which phrase best describes the goals and objectives of training?

What additional input must be incorporated into social cognitive theory for observed behaviours to be attempted?

Within the context of the conditioning process,what is the ultimate goal of chaining?

Which of the following best describes the conditioning theory concept known as generalization?

Why does ACT theory have important implications for learning and training?

Observational learning requires four key elements including attention,retention,reproduction,and reinforcement.What type of activity is associated with reproduction?

Why do managers use conditioning theory principles with training and development?

What type of motivation theory is expectancy theory?

What is one input that is necessary to assess an individual's learning style?

According to the expectancy theory,a number of factors determine the level of effort a trainee will direct toward a specific training activity.Which of the following is considered by this theory as a determinant factor?

Which psychologist's theories support the following statement: "Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour in response to a particular stimulus or set of stimuli"?

How does ERG theory differ from Maslow's need theory?