Question 1

The major weakness of functional brain-imaging techniques as a research tools is that they cannot
A) be used to study nonhuman primates.
B) prove causation.
C) be used to study subcortical structures.
D) reveal activity in cerebral nuclei.
E) be used to study split-brain patients.

Accepted Answer

Functional brain-imaging techniques such as fMRI and PET can only show correlations between brain activity and behavior, but they cannot prove causation. Other choices are incorrect because functional brain-imaging techniques can be used to study nonhuman primates, subcortical structures, cerebral nuclei, and split-brain patients.

Question 2

A pathological difficulty in reading is termed
A) phonemia.
B) aphasia.
C) dyslexia.
D) apraxia.
E) lexicalia.

Accepted Answer

Dyslexia is a reading disorder characterized by difficulties in accurate and fluent word recognition, often accompanied by poor spelling and decoding abilities. Phonemia refers to a difficulty in recognizing individual sounds or phonemes, and is not specific to reading. Aphasia refers to a language impairment that can affect speaking, listening, reading, and writing, but is typically the result of brain damage rather than a developmental disorder like dyslexia. Apraxia refers to a motor planning disorder that affects the ability to execute movements or gestures, and lexicalia refers to a general term for difficulties with language, but does not specifically refer to reading.

Question 3

In comparison to English speakers, Italian speakers are __________ to be diagnosed as dyslexic.
A) less likely
B) 10% more likely
C) 50% more likely
D) twice as likely
E) 250% more likely

Accepted Answer

Italian has a transparent orthography, which means the spelling of the words closely matches their pronunciation. This makes it easier for Italian speakers to learn to read and write, and it also reduces the likelihood of dyslexia. In comparison to English, which has an opaque orthography with many irregular spellings and silent letters, Italian is easier to process for the brain. Therefore, Italian speakers are less likely to be diagnosed as dyslexic.

Question 4

There is now a general consensus that developmental dyslexia results from
A) a general attentional deficit.
B) autistic tendencies.
C) a disturbance of phonological processing.
D) a variety of sensorimotor deficits.
E) damage to the lateral geniculate

Accepted Answer

The consensus in the field of dyslexia research is that the primary deficit in dyslexia is related to phonological processing, specifically difficulties in manipulating and segmenting sounds in words. The other choices listed are not supported by current research as primary causes of dyslexia.

Question 5

Reading aloud can be accomplished in two different ways: by the
A) phonetic and semantic procedures.
B) linguistic and semantic procedures.
C) lexical and phonetic procedures.
D) phonetic and phonological procedures.
E) surface and deep procedures.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Reading aloud can be accomplished in two...

Question 6

Bavalier et al.(1997)used a particularly sensitive fMRI procedure to study reading.They found that the areas of cerebral activity
A) in individual volunteers were patchy.
B) varied both from individual to individual and within individuals from trial to trial.
C) were widespread over the lateral surfaces of brain.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Accepted Answer

Bavalier et al.(1997) used a sensitive fMRI procedure to study reading and found that the areas of cerebral activity varied from individual to individual and within individuals from trial to trial. These areas were also found to be patchy and widespread over the lateral surfaces of the brain, indicating that all of the above choices are correct.

Question 7

Remarkably, naming famous faces, animals, and tools seems to be associated with activity in
A) slightly different areas of the left temporal lobe.
B) a large area of the right parietal lobe.
C) a very small part of Broca's area.
D) a large area of Wernicke's area.
E) a small are of the left angular gyrus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Remarkably, naming famous faces, animals, and tools...

Question 8

Most cases of dyslexia are
A) developmental.
B) semantic.
C) agnostic.
D) auditory.
E) acquired.

Accepted Answer

Dyslexia is a neurobiological condition that affects a person's ability to read, write, and spell. It is typically considered a developmental disorder, meaning it is present from a young age and has a genetic component. This rules out choices B, D, and E. Choice C, "agnostic," is not applicable to dyslexia.

Question 9

The incidence of developmental dyslexia in English-speaking children is __________ in boys than girls.
A) two to three times greater
B) about 10 times greater
C) between half to one-third
D) about 10% less
E) about 10% more

Accepted Answer

Research studies have consistently shown that the incidence of developmental dyslexia in boys is two to three times greater than in girls.

Question 10

Dyslexics in whom the phonetic procedure is disrupted while the lexical procedure remains normal are said to have __________ dyslexia.
A) surface
B) semantic
C) phonological
D) grammatical
E) deep

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dyslexics in whom the phonetic procedure is...

Question 11

In surface dyslexia, the __________ procedure has been lost.
A) semantic
B) phonetic
C) lexical
D) deep
E) phonological

Accepted Answer

In surface dyslexia, individuals have difficulty reading irregular words where pronunciation does not follow regular phonetic rules, indicating a disruption in the lexical procedure, which involves recognizing words as whole units.

Question 12

There are two major categories of acquired dyslexia:
A) surface and deep.
B) lexical and phonetic.
C) linguistic and semantic.
D) semantic and phonological.
E) lexical and semantic.

Accepted Answer

The two major categories of acquired dyslexia are surface dyslexia and deep dyslexia. Surface dyslexia involves difficulty reading words with irregular spelling-sound correspondences, while deep dyslexia includes additional semantic errors and difficulty with non-words.

Question 13

Mary is dyslexic.Most of her errors involve the misapplication of common rules of English pronunciation; for example, she pronounces "have" as if it rhymed with "cave." Mary has __________ dyslexia.
A) surface
B) deep
C) temporal
D) phonemic
E) semantic

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mary is dyslexic.Most of her errors involve...

Question 14

Evidence suggests that the naming of different categories of nouns (such as faces, animals, or tools)is each mediated by a different part of the
A) parietal lobe.
B) temporal lobe.
C) frontal lobe.
D) occipital lobe.
E) limbic lobe.

Accepted Answer

Research on patients with brain damage and functional brain imaging studies have shown that naming of different categories of nouns is mediated by different parts or regions of the temporal lobe. For example, naming of objects is primarily mediated by the middle and inferior temporal gyri, while naming of faces is mediated by the fusiform gyrus.

Question 15

There seem to be two different procedures for reading aloud.The procedure that is based on stored information about the pronunciation of specific written words is called the __________ procedure.
A) phonetic
B) surface
C) lexical
D) twipple
E) parallel

Accepted Answer

The procedure that is based on stored information about the pronunciation of specific written words is called the lexical procedure. This involves recognizing and retrieving the pronunciation of familiar words from memory.

Question 16

The words "spleemer" and "twipple" are normally read aloud by a __________ procedure.
A) linguistic
B) semantic
C) phonetic
D) surface
E) lexical

Accepted Answer

The words "spleemer" and "twipple" are most likely nonsense words or made-up words, therefore, they do not have an established pronunciation or meaning. Therefore, they would need to be read phonetically, based on their spelling rather than their intended meaning or context.

Question 17

The cognitive neuroscience approach to language is based to a large degree on the following method:
A) fMRI.
B) PET.
C) structural CT.
D) both A and B
E) both B and C

Accepted Answer

The cognitive neuroscience approach to language relies heavily on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) to measure brain activity during language processing tasks. These methods allow researchers to identify which regions of the brain are activated during language tasks, providing insights into how language is processed in the brain. Structural computed tomography (CT) is not typically used in cognitive neuroscience research on language, as it provides only static images of the brain's structure rather than information about neural activity.

Question 18

In comparison to the causes of developmental dyslexia, the causes of acquired dyslexia tend to be more
A) severe.
B) obvious.
C) enduring.
D) insidious.
E) chemical.

Accepted Answer

Acquired dyslexia is typically caused by brain injury, stroke, or other neurological damage, making its causes more obvious compared to the often less apparent genetic or developmental factors of developmental dyslexia.

Question 19

Italian speakers are less likely than English speakers to be diagnosed with dyslexia because
A) the Italian language has more phonemes.
B) the Italian language has fewer phonemes.
C) Italians have larger temporal lobes.
D) Italians have smaller temporal lobes.
E) Italians read more.

Accepted Answer

The Italian language has fewer phonemes, which means that each letter has a more consistent sound. This makes it easier for Italian speakers to learn and read the language, and therefore less likely to be diagnosed with dyslexia. English has many irregularities in its sound-letter correspondences, which can make it more difficult for English speakers to learn to read and increase the likelihood of a dyslexia diagnosis.

Question 20

The most powerful fMRI tests suggest that the language areas of the cortex are
A) large and homogeneous.
B) patchy and widespread.
C) variable.
D) both A and C
E) both B and C

Accepted Answer

The most powerful fMRI tests suggest that the language areas of the cortex are patchy and widespread, meaning they are not homogeneous but rather distributed across different regions of the brain. Additionally, this distribution can vary between individuals, indicating some level of variability. Therefore, both choices B and C are correct while A and C are not fully accurate.

Quiz 16: Lateralization, Language, and the Split Brain

The major weakness of functional brain-imaging techniques as a research tools is that they cannot

A pathological difficulty in reading is termed

In comparison to English speakers, Italian speakers are __________ to be diagnosed as dyslexic.

There is now a general consensus that developmental dyslexia results from

Reading aloud can be accomplished in two different ways: by the

Bavalier et al.(1997) used a particularly sensitive fMRI procedure to study reading.They found that the areas of cerebral activity

Remarkably, naming famous faces, animals, and tools seems to be associated with activity in

Most cases of dyslexia are

The incidence of developmental dyslexia in English-speaking children is __________ in boys than girls.

Dyslexics in whom the phonetic procedure is disrupted while the lexical procedure remains normal are said to have __________ dyslexia.

In surface dyslexia, the __________ procedure has been lost.

There are two major categories of acquired dyslexia:

Mary is dyslexic.Most of her errors involve the misapplication of common rules of English pronunciation; for example, she pronounces "have" as if it rhymed with "cave." Mary has __________ dyslexia.

Evidence suggests that the naming of different categories of nouns (such as faces, animals, or tools) is each mediated by a different part of the

There seem to be two different procedures for reading aloud.The procedure that is based on stored information about the pronunciation of specific written words is called the __________ procedure.

The words "spleemer" and "twipple" are normally read aloud by a __________ procedure.

The cognitive neuroscience approach to language is based to a large degree on the following method:

In comparison to the causes of developmental dyslexia, the causes of acquired dyslexia tend to be more

Italian speakers are less likely than English speakers to be diagnosed with dyslexia because

The most powerful fMRI tests suggest that the language areas of the cortex are