Question 1

Which of the following phrases might a person encounter in a popular press article that indicates an interaction?
A)"Statistically significant"
B)"Mixed factorial design"
C)"It depends"
D)"Mediator variables"

Accepted Answer

"It depends" indicates that there is some level of interaction or dependence between variables. It suggests that the relationship between variables is not straightforward and may be influenced by other factors.

Question 2

Dr.Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design,he is going to conduct a 2×3×4 mixed factorial design.Which of the following things will NOT have to change?
A)The number of main effects that need to be examined
B)The number of interactions that need to be examined
C)The number of participants needed
D)The number of researchers needed

Accepted Answer

The number of researchers needed does not inherently change based on the design complexity (2 × 3 × 4 mixed factorial design versus a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design). The changes in design affect the statistical analysis (main effects, interactions) and potentially the number of participants, but not the quantity of researchers required.

Question 3

What does the author of your textbook mean when she writes,"we don't live in a main effect world"?
A)She means that psychologists do not like to examine main effects.
B)She means that main effects are not important.
C)She means that interactions are common in everyday life.
D)She means that studies that produce interactions are the only studies worth conducting.

Accepted Answer

The author is emphasizing that interactions between variables are common in everyday life, indicating that we cannot just assume that there is a clear and consistent effect of one variable on another without considering other factors that could influence the relationship.

Question 4

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design.How many interactions will Dr.Gavin need to examine?
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Accepted Answer

In a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design, there is only one interaction to examine, which is the interaction between the two factors (the 2-level factor and the 4-level factor).

Question 5

When reading popular press articles,why does the inclusion of participant variable information often denote a factorial design?
A)Participant variables are often used as moderators.
B)Participant variables are only found in factorial designs.
C)Studies with participant variables always find significant interactions.
D)Studies with participant variables are easier to write about.

Accepted Answer

Participant variables are often used as moderators in factorial designs, which involve manipulating multiple independent variables. The inclusion of participant variable information suggests that there may be interactions between the independent variables and the participant variable. However, the presence of a participant variable does not necessarily indicate a factorial design as it could also be a covariate in a non-experimental design.

Question 6

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design.Assuming he wants 25 people in each cell,how many participants does Dr.Gavin need to recruit?
A)100
B)150
C)200
D)250

Accepted Answer

To calculate the total number of participants needed, we simply multiply the number of participants in each group (25) by the number of groups (2×4=8). Therefore, Dr.Gavin needs to recruit 200 participants.

Question 7

An author might use all of the following methods to indicate statistical significance EXCEPT:
A)Using the word significant
B)Including an asterisk in a table
C)Using the notation p < 0.05
D)The inclusion of a graph

Accepted Answer

While a graph may show a significant difference between groups visually, it does not provide a specific indication of statistical significance. The other options give a clear indication of statistical significance and are commonly used in research reporting.

Question 8

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design.How many cells are in his design?
A)2
B)4
C)6
D)8

Accepted Answer

There are two independent variables, each with two levels. Therefore, there are 2 x 2 = 4 cells for each independent variable. Two independent variables with four cells each adds up to a total of 8 cells in the design.

Question 9

Neely is examining the graph of an interaction and sees that one line is flat and one line rises sharply to the right.Which of the following should Neely conclude?
A)There is no interaction.
B)There is a crossover interaction.
C)There is a spreading interaction.
D)There is a main-effect interaction.

Accepted Answer

A spreading interaction is indicated by one line being flat and the other rising sharply, suggesting that the effect of one variable changes at different levels of another variable, rather than the lines crossing which would indicate a crossover interaction.

Question 10

If a person describes the results of a study to you by saying that there is a zero difference in one condition but a large difference in another condition,they are most likely describing which of the following?
A)A crossover interaction
B)A spreading interaction
C)A three-way interaction
D)A difference interaction

Accepted Answer

A spreading interaction occurs when there is no difference between the two conditions on one variable, but a large difference on another variable. This is what the person is describing in the study results.

Question 11

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design.How many independent variables are in his study?
A)2
B)4
C)6
D)8

Accepted Answer

The number before the × indicates the number of levels of the first independent variable (2), and the number after the × indicates the number of levels of the second independent variable (4). Therefore, there are two independent variables in this study.

Question 12

According to the textbook,why is it important to study interactions?
A)They are more scientific than other analyses.
B)Many outcomes in psychology are interactions.
C)They are more complicated than other analyses.
D)They are easier to understand than main effects.

Accepted Answer

Many outcomes in psychology are interactions, meaning that the effect of one variable depends on the level of another variable. Therefore, understanding interactions is important for understanding the complex nature of psychological phenomena.

Question 13

(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier.The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions.The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study. )
Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr.Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults.As such,he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study.The results are below.

-Which of the following reasons might Dr.Elder have for changing his study in this way?
A)To enhance external validity
B)To ensure construct validity
C)To deal with statistical validity
D)To control internal validity

Accepted Answer

Dr. Elder changed his study in order to enhance external validity, or the extent to which the findings can be generalized to other settings, populations, or situations. By including both children and adults in the study, he is able to see if the results are consistent across different age groups. Additionally, by using both cutting and drawing tasks, he is able to see if the method of generating category members affects how people think about the category. This strengthens the generalizability of the findings beyond just one specific task or age group.

Question 14

(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier.The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions.The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study. )
Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr.Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults.As such,he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study.The results are below.

-The addition of the new variable to Dr.Elder's study could be thought of as which of the following?
A)A confound
B)A moderator
C)An independent variable
D)A dependent variable

Accepted Answer

The new variable of age (10-year-olds vs. 20-year-olds) is being used to investigate whether categorization happens similarly for children and adults. This makes it a moderator variable, as it is expected to have an effect on the relationship between the independent variable (exposure to or generation of category members) and the dependent variable (number of attributes listed to define the category). It is not a confound because it is not an extraneous variable that has not been controlled for, and it is not an independent or dependent variable because it is not being manipulated or measured in relation to the other variables in the study.

Question 15

A "difference in the difference between the differences" would indicate which of the following?
A)A crossover interaction
B)Multiple main effects
C)A three-way interaction
D)A within-groups factorial design

Accepted Answer

The phrase "difference in the difference between the differences" suggests the presence of a three-way interaction in which the effects of two factors on an outcome depend on the level of a third factor.

Question 16

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2×2×4 design." Where are you likely to have encountered this sentence?
A)The introduction
B)The Method section
C)The Results section
D)The Discussion section

Accepted Answer

The statement is referring to the experimental design used in the study. This type of information would typically be found in the Method section of a journal article.

Question 17

Dr.Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design,he is going to conduct a 2×4 within-subjects factorial design.Which of the following things will change?
A)The number of main effects that need to be examined
B)The number of interactions that need to be examined
C)The number of participants needed
D)The number of cells

Accepted Answer

In a within-subjects design, each participant is exposed to all levels of the independent variables, which means fewer participants are needed compared to an independent-groups design. Therefore, the number of participants needed will change. The number of main effects and interactions that need to be examined remains the same, as does the number of cells (which is determined by the number of levels of each independent variable).

Question 18

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design.How many main effects will Dr.Gavin need to examine?
A)2
B)3
C)4
D)6

Accepted Answer

In a 2 × 4 factorial design, there are two independent variables: one with 2 levels and the other with 4 levels. The number of main effects corresponds to the number of independent variables, which in this case is 2 (one for each variable).

Question 19

What is the difference between a main effect and an overall effect?
A)Main effects are less important than overall effects.
B)Main effects are more complicated to determine than overall effects.
C)Main effects look at one variable at a time;overall effects look at all variables simultaneously.
D)There is no difference between main effects and overall effects.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the difference between a main...

Question 20

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2×2×4 design." Based on this sentence alone,you would know all of the following pieces of information EXCEPT:
A)The number of participants in the study
B)The number of main effects that need to be examined
C)The number of cells
D)The number of independent variables

Accepted Answer

The sentence only provides information about the design of the study, specifically the number of independent variables and levels for each variable, as well as the number of cells that will be examined. It does not provide information about the number of participants.

Quiz 12: Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

Which of the following phrases might a person encounter in a popular press article that indicates an interaction?

Dr.Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design,he is going to conduct a 2×3×4 mixed factorial design.Which of the following things will NOT have to change?

What does the author of your textbook mean when she writes,"we don't live in a main effect world"?

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design.How many interactions will Dr.Gavin need to examine?

When reading popular press articles,why does the inclusion of participant variable information often denote a factorial design?

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design.Assuming he wants 25 people in each cell,how many participants does Dr.Gavin need to recruit?

An author might use all of the following methods to indicate statistical significance EXCEPT:

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design.How many cells are in his design?

Neely is examining the graph of an interaction and sees that one line is flat and one line rises sharply to the right.Which of the following should Neely conclude?

If a person describes the results of a study to you by saying that there is a zero difference in one condition but a large difference in another condition,they are most likely describing which of the following?

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design.How many independent variables are in his study?

According to the textbook,why is it important to study interactions?

A "difference in the difference between the differences" would indicate which of the following?

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2×2×4 design." Where are you likely to have encountered this sentence?

Dr.Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design,he is going to conduct a 2×4 within-subjects factorial design.Which of the following things will change?

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design.How many main effects will Dr.Gavin need to examine?

What is the difference between a main effect and an overall effect?

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2×2×4 design." Based on this sentence alone,you would know all of the following pieces of information EXCEPT: