Question 1

Jill recently received Botox injection in her face to treat her wrinkles.Since then,it has taken her longer to read sad stories in the newspaper and understand her teenage daughter's emotional outbursts.Which of the following best explains these side effects?
A)Cognitive dissonance
B)Self-perception theory
C)Self-presentation theory
D)Overjustification

Accepted Answer

According to self-perception theory, individuals infer their internal states based on their external behaviors. In this case, Jill's Botox injections may have weakened the muscles in her face that are involved in expressions of sadness or empathy, leading her to perceive herself as less emotionally responsive. This may be why it takes her longer to read sad stories and understand her daughter's emotional outbursts.

Question 2

When asked whether they want to view information supporting or opposing their viewpoint,people who have just expressed their views on various topics prefer to view information supporting their positions.Which of the following best accounts for this finding?
A)brainwashing
B)self-perception theory
C)overconfidence
D)selective exposure

Accepted Answer

This finding can be attributed to selective exposure, which is the tendency of people to seek out and view information that confirms their preexisting beliefs and avoid information that contradicts them. This is because people prefer to maintain their current attitudes and beliefs, rather than face the discomfort of cognitive dissonance that can arise when confronted with opposing viewpoints.

Question 3

When asked if she likes her new neighbor,Alice says "I guess so.I say "hello" to her all the time and loaned her my favorite book the other day." Alice's feelings are best explained by
A)self-perception theory.
B)cognitive dissonance theory.
C)the insufficient justification effect.
D)the overjustification effect.

Accepted Answer

Alice's actions of saying hello and loaning a book suggest that she has developed a positive attitude towards her neighbor based on her own behavior (self-perception theory). This is different from cognitive dissonance theory, which deals with conflicting attitudes and behaviors, and the insufficient justification effect and overjustification effect, which are associated with motivation and rewards for behavior.

Question 4

When he was first promoted to manager,Ben felt awkward giving orders to his previous co-workers.After a few weeks though,he learned how to behave like the boss.Ben's adjustment suggests that he has now adopted to his new
A)role.
B)implicit attitude.
C)explicit attitude.
D)self-perception.

Accepted Answer

Ben's adjustment suggests that he has now adopted to his new role as a boss. He initially felt awkward, but eventually learned how to behave like a manager, which indicates he has become accustomed to his new position and responsibilities.

Question 5

An effective brainwashing program uses all of the following techniques EXCEPT
A)insisting on active participation.
B)a gradual escalation of demands.
C)use of the "start small and build" tactiC.
D)physical punishment.

Accepted Answer

Physical punishment is not a technique commonly used in effective brainwashing programs, as it can result in physical harm and may deter individuals from remaining in the program. The other three techniques (insisting on active participation, gradual escalation of demands, and the "start small and build" tactic) are commonly used in effective brainwashing programs to manipulate and control individuals' thoughts and behaviors.

Question 6

Juan needed to decide if he should live at home with his parents or in a dorm this year.He liked the idea of the freedom of the dorm but knew it was cheaper to live at home.According to cognitive dissonance theory,after deciding to stay at home Juan will likely
A)wish that he had decided to move to the dorm.
B)feel like he made the right decision wish he could have afforded the move.
C)feel confident that he made the best decision;dorms are expensive and dirty anyway.
D)change his mind at the last minute and ultimately live in the dorms.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that after making a decision, people often change their attitudes to align with their choice to reduce discomfort. Juan will likely convince himself that staying at home was the best decision by focusing on the negatives of dorm life.

Question 7

Allison's parents are so happy that she enjoys reading.They decide to encourage her to keep at it by paying her $5 for each book she reads.According to the overjustification effect,how will Allison react to this new reward system?
A)She will enjoy reading even more.
B)She will become less interested in reading.
C)She will be more selective in which books she reads.
D)Her attitude toward reading will remain the same.

Accepted Answer

The overjustification effect suggests that giving external rewards (such as money) for a behavior that is already intrinsically enjoyable (reading, in this case) can actually decrease the person's motivation to continue doing that behavior in the future. Therefore, Allison may become less interested in reading if the reward system is introduced.

Question 8

Describe a situation in which you or someone you know has been susceptible to the "foot-in-the-door" phenomenon.Explain what you would need to do differently in order to not fall prey to this tactic the next time you are in a similar situation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe a situation in which you or...

Question 9

Which areas of the brain are active when we automatically evaluate social stimuli?
A)Occipital lobe and hypothalamus
B)Amygdala and hypothalamus
C)Amygdala and frontal lobe
D)Cerebellum and frontal lobe

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which areas of the brain are active...

Question 10

Which of the following would better predict a person's support for a republican presidential candidate?
A)His/her implicit attitude
B)His/her explicit attitude
C)Self-perception theory
D)Cognitive-dissonance

Accepted Answer

Explicit attitudes are conscious beliefs and opinions that can directly influence a person's political preferences and voting behavior.

Question 11

What is the "principle of aggregation"? How can it help us understand moral hypocrisy?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the "principle of aggregation"? How...

Question 12

Which of the following would better predict a person's racial biases?
A)His/her implicit attitude
B)His/her explicit attitude
C)Self-perception theory
D)Cognitive-dissonance

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that implicit attitudes, which operate without conscious awareness or control, are more predictive of racial biases. Explicit attitudes, on the other hand, can be influenced by social desirability and may not accurately reflect a person's true biases. Self-perception theory and cognitive dissonance are not directly related to predicting racial biases.

Question 13

A car dealer puts an ad in the paper that he is selling luxury cars for $20,000.When Stan comes in to see the car,though,the dealer tells him that they already sold that car but have a similar one with more options for $30,000.This is an example of the
A)foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
B)lowball technique.
C)that's not all effect.
D)door-in-the-face phenomenon.

Accepted Answer

The situation described is an example of the lowball technique, where the dealer lures the customer in with a low price offer and then persuades them to pay more by presenting additional options or switching to a higher-priced product.

Question 14

You would like your roommate to wash dishes more often.How could you use the insufficient justification effect to your advantage?

Accepted Answer

The answer of You would like your roommate to wash...

Question 15

_____ theory best explains attitude change while _____ theory best explains attitude formation.
A)Cognitive dissonance;self-perception
B)Self-perception;cognitive dissonance
C)Foot-in-the-door;low-ball
D)Low-ball;foot-in-the-door

Accepted Answer

Cognitive dissonance theory is about how people change their attitudes in order to relieve the discomfort or dissonance they feel when their beliefs or behaviors are inconsistent with each other. Self-perception theory, on the other hand, is about how people form attitudes by observing their own behavior and making inferences about their attitudes based on their behavior.

Question 16

Festinger and Carlsmith found that participants paid just $1 to lie to another student about how much they enjoyed a task displayed greater attitude change than those paid $20 to tell the same lie.These results are best explained by
A)the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
B)the insufficient justification effect.
C)self-perception theory.
D)the overjustification effect.

Accepted Answer

The findings described suggest the insufficient justification effect, where individuals who receive a low external justification for their behavior (in this case, lying) experience a greater change in attitude than those who receive a high external justification. In this study, participants who were paid just $1 had an insufficient external justification for lying and therefore experienced a greater change in attitude compared to those who were paid $20, which provided a sufficient external justification for their behavior.

Question 17

Describe one of your attitudes.Include cognitive,affective,and behavioral components.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe one of your attitudes.Include cognitive,affective,and behavioral...

Question 18

What percentage of Californians who had first agreed to place a 3-inch "Be a Safe Driver" sign in their window later agreed to have a large,poorly lettered "Drive Carefully" sign installed in their front yard?
A)17%
B)36%
C)57%
D)76%

Accepted Answer

This is based on a study demonstrating the "foot-in-the-door" technique, where 76% of Californians who initially agreed to a small request later agreed to a larger request.

Question 19

"Saying becomes believing" when
A)what you are saying falls in line with your implicit attitude.
B)your implicit and explicit attitudes are already in agreement.
C)there is no compelling external explanation for your words.
D)you have said something similar in the past.

Accepted Answer

The answer of "Saying becomes believing" when
A)what you are saying...

Question 20

How did Martens et al.'s (2007)investigate the idea that killing begets killing?
A)By asking students to kill bugs
B)By asking students to shock a person of the opposite sex
C)By asking students to shock a person of Arab decent
D)By asking students to lie to other students about how much they enjoyed a boring task

Accepted Answer

Martens et al. (2007) conducted an experiment where they asked students to kill bugs to investigate the idea that killing begets killing.

Quiz 4: Behavior and Attitudes

Jill recently received Botox injection in her face to treat her wrinkles.Since then,it has taken her longer to read sad stories in the newspaper and understand her teenage daughter's emotional outbursts.Which of the following best explains these side effects?

When asked whether they want to view information supporting or opposing their viewpoint,people who have just expressed their views on various topics prefer to view information supporting their positions.Which of the following best accounts for this finding?

When asked if she likes her new neighbor,Alice says "I guess so.I say "hello" to her all the time and loaned her my favorite book the other day." Alice's feelings are best explained by

When he was first promoted to manager,Ben felt awkward giving orders to his previous co-workers.After a few weeks though,he learned how to behave like the boss.Ben's adjustment suggests that he has now adopted to his new

An effective brainwashing program uses all of the following techniques EXCEPT

Juan needed to decide if he should live at home with his parents or in a dorm this year.He liked the idea of the freedom of the dorm but knew it was cheaper to live at home.According to cognitive dissonance theory,after deciding to stay at home Juan will likely

Allison's parents are so happy that she enjoys reading.They decide to encourage her to keep at it by paying her $5 for each book she reads.According to the overjustification effect,how will Allison react to this new reward system?

Describe a situation in which you or someone you know has been susceptible to the "foot-in-the-door" phenomenon.Explain what you would need to do differently in order to not fall prey to this tactic the next time you are in a similar situation

Which areas of the brain are active when we automatically evaluate social stimuli?

Which of the following would better predict a person's support for a republican presidential candidate?

What is the "principle of aggregation"? How can it help us understand moral hypocrisy?

Which of the following would better predict a person's racial biases?

A car dealer puts an ad in the paper that he is selling luxury cars for $20,000.When Stan comes in to see the car,though,the dealer tells him that they already sold that car but have a similar one with more options for $30,000.This is an example of the

You would like your roommate to wash dishes more often.How could you use the insufficient justification effect to your advantage?

_ theory best explains attitude change while _ theory best explains attitude formation.

Festinger and Carlsmith found that participants paid just $1 to lie to another student about how much they enjoyed a task displayed greater attitude change than those paid $20 to tell the same lie.These results are best explained by

Describe one of your attitudes.Include cognitive,affective,and behavioral components.

What percentage of Californians who had first agreed to place a 3-inch "Be a Safe Driver" sign in their window later agreed to have a large,poorly lettered "Drive Carefully" sign installed in their front yard?

"Saying becomes believing" when

How did Martens et al.'s (2007) investigate the idea that killing begets killing?