Question 1

The Associationists' principle of contiguity has trouble explaining the comparison between
A)short-delay conditioning and long-delay conditioning
B)short-delay conditioning and simultaneous conditioning
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b

Accepted Answer

B

Question 2

In a conditioned suppression procedure,the indication that a subject has associated CS and US is
A)an increase in responding when the CS comes on
B)a decrease in responding when the CS comes on
C)an increase in responding when the US comes on
D)a decrease in responding when the US comes on

Accepted Answer

In a conditioned suppression procedure, the response being measured is usually some form of operant behavior, such as lever pressing or nose poking. When the CS is presented, if the subject has associated it with the aversive US, then the behavior will be suppressed or reduced. This is because the subject is anticipating the aversive event and is trying to avoid it. Therefore, the indication that the subject has associated the CS and US is a decrease in responding when the CS comes on.

Question 3

In taste-aversion learning,a novel taste is often used as the
A)CS
B)CR
C)US
D)UR

Accepted Answer

In taste-aversion learning, a novel taste (such as a flavored drink or food) is usually used as the conditioned stimulus (CS) because it is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) such as nausea or sickness, which leads to the development of a learned aversion (conditioned response, CR) to the taste. The US in this case is the nausea or sickness, which is not initially associated with the taste but becomes associated with it through conditioning. The UR (unconditioned response) is the natural, reflexive response to the US (getting sick), which is not learned but rather innate.

Question 4

If a person develops a taste aversion to shellfish because she got ill after eating some.If she also shows an aversion to other seafood,this is
A)generalization
B)discrimination
C)spontaneous recovery
D)conditioned inhibition

Accepted Answer

Generalization occurs when a person responds to similar stimuli in the same way. In this case, the person developed a taste aversion to shellfish and showed aversion to other seafood as well, which indicates generalization. Discrimination occurs when a person responds differently to similar stimuli, which is not the case here. Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of an extinguished response, which is not relevant to this scenario. Conditioned inhibition occurs when a conditioned stimulus signals the absence of an unconditioned stimulus, which is also not applicable here.

Question 5

A problem with stimulus substitution theory is that
A)the CR sometimes has components that the UR does not
B)the UR sometimes has components that the CR does not
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b

Accepted Answer

Stimulus substitution theory suggests that the conditioned response (CR) becomes a substitute for the unconditioned response (UR) through conditioning. However, a problem with this theory is that the CR can have components that the UR does not, and vice versa, indicating that the CR and UR are not always identical and can differ in their components.

Question 6

The phenomenon of disinhibition provides one type of evidence that
A)the intensity of the US affects the rate of conditioning
B)extinction does not result in the complete elimination of a conditioned response
C)conditioned responses often generalize to similar stimuli
D)the temporal relationship between CS and US is important

Accepted Answer

Disinhibition occurs when a previously extinguished response reappears in the presence of a novel stimulus or physiological state. This suggests that extinction does not result in the complete elimination of a conditioned response, providing evidence for option B.

Question 7

In salivary conditioning,salivation is
A)the unconditioned response
B)the conditioned response
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b

Accepted Answer

In salivary conditioning, salivation can be both the unconditioned response (UR) when it is a natural reaction to food (the unconditioned stimulus, US) and the conditioned response (CR) when it becomes a response to a previously neutral stimulus (now the conditioned stimulus, CS) after conditioning.

Question 8

In classical conditioning,the stimulus that initially elicits no response is the
A)CS
B)CR
C)US
D)UR

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the stimulus that initially elicits no response is the conditioned stimulus (CS). This stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) until the organism learns to associate the two and respond to the CS as if it were the US. The response elicited by the CS is called the conditioned response (CR).

Therefore, the correct answer is A) CS.

Question 9

The amount of excitatory conditioning is greatest in
A)simultaneous conditioning
B)short-delay conditioning
C)long-delay conditioning
D)backward conditioning

Accepted Answer

Short-delay conditioning involves presenting the conditioned stimulus (CS) just before or simultaneously with the unconditioned stimulus (US), resulting in a strong association between the two. This leads to greater excitatory conditioning compared to simultaneous, long-delay, or backward conditioning.

Question 10

In classical conditioning,the intensity of the US affects
A)the rate of acquisition
B)the asymptote of conditioning
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b

Accepted Answer

The intensity of the US can affect both the rate of acquisition (how quickly the conditioned response is learned) and the asymptote of conditioning (the maximum strength that the conditioned response can reach). For example, if the US is very intense, the CR may be learned more quickly and reach a higher asymptote compared to if the US is only moderately intense.

Question 11

The retardation test is one method for demonstrating that a stimulus
A)is a CS⁺
B)is a CS
C)is a US
D)is a compound CS

Accepted Answer

The retardation test is a way to determine if a stimulus is a conditioned stimulus (CS) by measuring the degree to which it slows down the acquisition of a new response when it is paired with another potential CS. If the stimulus has already been established as a CS, it will produce a weaker effect on learning than a novel stimulus. Therefore, if the retardation test shows a strong effect on learning, it suggests that the stimulus is a CS.

Question 12

Inhibitory conditioning is most likely to result from
A)simultaneous conditioning
B)short-delay conditioning
C)long-delay conditioning
D)backward conditioning

Accepted Answer

Inhibitory conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) predicts the non-occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus (US). Backward conditioning involves presenting the US before the CS, which can result in inhibitory conditioning because the CS predicts the absence of the US. Simultaneous and short-delay conditioning involve presenting the CS and US at the same time or with a short delay, neither of which are likely to result in inhibitory conditioning. Long-delay conditioning involves presenting the CS before the US with a long delay, which is more likely to result in excitatory conditioning where the CS predicts the occurrence of the US.

Question 13

If the probability of a shock in a conditioned suppression procedure is 20% in the presence of a tone and 40% in the absence of the tone,the tone will probably
A)remain neutral
B)undergo habituation
C)become a CS+
D)become a CS-

Accepted Answer

The answer of If the probability of a shock in...

Question 14

In salivary conditioning,dogs will often orient toward the CS.This phenomenon is
A)evidence against a strict interpretation of stimulus substitution theory
B)evidence supporting a strict interpretation of stimulus substitution theory
C)only observed after many conditioning trials
D)evidence for S-S associations

Accepted Answer

The fact that dogs orient toward the CS in salivary conditioning suggests that there is more to the learning process than stimulus substitution. If the CS fully substituted for the UCS, the dog would simply start salivating at the sight of the CS, but instead, the dog's attention is directed toward the CS, indicating that the animal has learned to associate the CS with the upcoming presentation of the UCS. Thus, this response pattern is inconsistent with a strict interpretation of stimulus substitution theory.

Question 15

Pavlov's theory of spontaneous recovery includes the assumption that newly learned associations
A)are more durable than older associations
B)are more fragile than older associations
C)replace older associations
D)none of the above

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's theory of spontaneous recovery suggests that newly learned associations are more fragile than older associations. This means that these new associations are more likely to break down, and the old associations may resurface after a period of extinction. Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished response following a rest period, and it is thought to be evidence of the persistence of the underlying learned association.

Question 16

To measure the amount of conditioning in the conditioned suppression procedure,the rat's response rate in the presence of the CS is compared to
A)the rat's response rate just before the CS is presented
B)the rat's response rate in the presence of the US
C)the rat's response rate just after the CS is presented
D)the response rate of a control subject that is not presented with the CS

Accepted Answer

To measure the amount of conditioning in the conditioned suppression procedure, the rat's response rate in the presence of the CS is compared to its response rate just before the CS is presented. This comparison allows researchers to determine if the presentation of the CS has led to a reduction in the rat's response rate, indicating that the CS has become associated with the aversive US, and thus has created conditioned suppression. Comparing the response rate in the presence of the US would not give information about the strength of the conditioning of the CS. Comparing the response rate just after the CS is presented would not be a valid measure, as the rat's response could still be recovering from the presentation of the CS. Finally, comparing the response rate of a control subject that is not presented with the CS would not offer meaningful data, as the control subject has not been exposed to the CS-US pairing.

Question 17

Classical conditioning using the skin conductance response is usually done with
A)rabbits
B)rats
C)monkeys
D)humans

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning using the skin conductance response is typically done with human participants. This is because humans have a high degree of self-awareness and are able to report on their experiences and sensations, making it easier to measure the skin conductance response accurately. Additionally, the skin conductance response is a reliable and non-invasive way to measure physiological arousal and emotional response in humans. While classical conditioning studies have been done with other animals, such as rats and rabbits, the skin conductance response is most commonly used in research with human subjects.

Question 18

If a novel stimulus is presented shortly before the occurrence of a CS that has just undergone extinction,the CR is likely to reappear.This phenomenon is known as
A)spontaneous recovery
B)external inhibition
C)disinhibition
D)summation

Accepted Answer

Disinhibition occurs when a novel stimulus is introduced shortly before the conditioned stimulus (CS) that has undergone extinction, leading to the reappearance of the conditioned response (CR). This phenomenon suggests that the novel stimulus disrupts the learned inhibition of the CR, allowing it to be expressed again.

Question 19

In eyeblink conditioning,a puff of air to the eye is the
A)CS
B)CR
C)US
D)UR

Accepted Answer

In eyeblink conditioning, a puff of air to the eye is the unconditioned stimulus (US) because it naturally elicits an eyeblink response without any prior learning.

Question 20

Experiments on US devaluation and US revaluation suggest that _____ associations are formed in typical classical conditioning with a CS and US.
A)context-US
B)context-CS
C)S-S
D)S-R

Accepted Answer

Experiments on US devaluation and US revaluation suggest that S-S associations are formed in typical classical conditioning with a CS and US. This means that the association is formed between the two stimuli (CS and US) without any involvement of a response (R) or context. The devaluation and revaluation of the US in these experiments showed that the strength of the association between the CS and US was determined by the degree of similarity between the original US and the devalued or revalued US stimuli, indicating that the association was between the two stimuli themselves.

Quiz 3: Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning

The Associationists' principle of contiguity has trouble explaining the comparison between

In a conditioned suppression procedure,the indication that a subject has associated CS and US is

In taste-aversion learning,a novel taste is often used as the

If a person develops a taste aversion to shellfish because she got ill after eating some.If she also shows an aversion to other seafood,this is

A problem with stimulus substitution theory is that

The phenomenon of disinhibition provides one type of evidence that

In salivary conditioning,salivation is

In classical conditioning,the stimulus that initially elicits no response is the

The amount of excitatory conditioning is greatest in

In classical conditioning,the intensity of the US affects

The retardation test is one method for demonstrating that a stimulus

Inhibitory conditioning is most likely to result from

If the probability of a shock in a conditioned suppression procedure is 20% in the presence of a tone and 40% in the absence of the tone,the tone will probably

In salivary conditioning,dogs will often orient toward the CS.This phenomenon is

Pavlov's theory of spontaneous recovery includes the assumption that newly learned associations

To measure the amount of conditioning in the conditioned suppression procedure,the rat's response rate in the presence of the CS is compared to

Classical conditioning using the skin conductance response is usually done with

If a novel stimulus is presented shortly before the occurrence of a CS that has just undergone extinction,the CR is likely to reappear.This phenomenon is known as

In eyeblink conditioning,a puff of air to the eye is the

Experiments on US devaluation and US revaluation suggest that _____ associations are formed in typical classical conditioning with a CS and US.