Question 1

Carl and "his amazing canines" are an act in the circus. Jumping through a fiery hoop is one of the acts. At the onset of this training, Carl reinforced the dogs for each movement toward the hoop. Eventually, they were reinforced as they neared the hoop. This is an example of
A)classical conditioning.
B)escape conditioning.
C)shaping.
D)avoidance conditioning.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of shaping, in which Carl reinforced the dogs for increasingly closer approximations to the desired behavior (jumping through the fiery hoop).

Question 2

A rat that was allowed to roam freely in a maze without reinforcement will later find food at the end of the maze faster than a rat that never saw the maze before because of
A)contingency planning.
B)shaping.
C)cognitive mapping.
D)programmed learning.

Accepted Answer

The ability of the rat to find the food faster in a maze without reinforcement suggests the development of cognitive mapping, where the rat has created a mental representation of the maze and can navigate through it efficiently. Contingency planning and programmed learning require some form of reinforcement or feedback, which was not given in this scenario. Shaping may occur through reinforcement, but it does not fully explain the increased efficiency in navigating the maze.

Question 3

The educational method that assumes any complex task involving conceptual learning as well as motor skills can be broken down into a number of small steps, and that these steps can be shaped individually and combined in sequence to form the correct behavioral chain, is called
A)motor conceptual learning.
B)lifelong learning.
C)programmed learning.
D)educational tracking.

Accepted Answer

The educational method described in the question is called programmed learning. It involves breaking down complex tasks into smaller steps that can be shaped individually and combined to form the correct behavioral chain. Other choices do not fit the description provided.

Question 4

Learning that is not mechanically acquired through reinforcement, void of overt responses, and gained through paying attention to other's behavior is called ___________ learning.
A)programmed
B)classical
C)association
D)observational

Accepted Answer

The description given in the question matches with the definition of observational learning, which is also known as vicarious learning or social learning. It involves learning by watching others' behavior, without any direct reinforcement or external feedback. Choice A, B, and C do not fit the description.

Question 5

Every day you walk across campus, passing many buildings you've not had need to enter. Toward the end of the semester, you have to speak to your professor about a research paper. When she tells you her office is in Murray Hall, you know exactly where it is. You have demonstrated
A)contingency theory.
B)the role of expectancy.
C)latent learning.
D)observational learning.

Accepted Answer

The scenario describes latent learning, where the individual has acquired knowledge of Murray Hall's location through observation and experience, but has not needed to actively use this information until now. Contingency theory pertains to the relationship between behavior and consequences, while the role of expectancy refers to an individual's beliefs about the outcome of a behavior. Observational learning involves acquiring new behaviors through watching others perform them, which is not entirely applicable in this scenario.

Question 6

Gina uses biofeedback to reduce her blood pressure. She has a piece of equipment that tells her when her blood pressure is increasing. Using this technique has helped Gina reduce her blood pressure, and she continues to use it. Thus, for Gina, biofeedback has become a(n)
A)negative reinforcement.
B)positive reinforcement.
C)intermittent reinforcement.
D)vicarious reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus (high blood pressure) when a desired behavior (using biofeedback) is performed, which increases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.

Question 7

A rat that was allowed to roam freely in a maze without reinforcement will later find food at the end of the maze faster than a rat that has never seen the maze. According to Tolman, the experienced rat can do this because
A)rats have a genetic predisposition for spatial-directional skills.
B)the experienced rat was inadvertently hungry because of the increased activity, resulting in a stronger desire for food.
C)the experienced rat had actually learned the intricacies of the maze, but the learning was latent.
D)the inexperienced rat was overweight because of inactivity and could not run as fast the well-conditioned experienced rat.

Accepted Answer

Tolman's theory of latent learning suggests that learning may take place without any reinforcement, but may not become apparent until there is a reason or incentive to demonstrate the learning. Therefore, the experienced rat had actually learned the intricacies of the maze, but the learning was latent.

Question 8

According to contingency theory, a randomly presented conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus would not change behavior because
A)the conditioned stimulus did not provide strong enough reinforcement.
B)the unconditioned stimulus is presented before the conditioned stimulus.
C)classical conditioning can only be effective when the operant is performed in a highly structured environment.
D)the conditioned stimulus does not provide information about the unconditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus must provide information about the unconditioned stimulus in order for learning to occur. This means that the conditioned stimulus must reliably predict the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus. If the two stimuli are randomly presented, there is no consistent relationship between them and no learning will occur.

Question 9

According to Bandura, a person who engages in a response to be imitated is a
A)shaper.
B)model.
C)reinforcer.
D)learner.

Accepted Answer

According to Bandura's social learning theory, a person who engages in a response to be imitated is called a "model." Models can be individuals or characters observed in media, and they demonstrate behaviors that others may imitate or learn from.

Question 10

The significance of Tolman's research on latent learning was that
A)rats could learn a maze only if there was reinforcement, suggesting they acquired a cognitive map.
B)rats could learn a maze in the absence of reinforcement, suggesting they acquired a cognitive map.
C)dogs could not be conditioned when tones and shocks were presented at random intervals.
D)dogs come to expect shock in the presence of the tone.

Accepted Answer

Tolman's research showed that rats could learn a maze in the absence of reinforcement, suggesting they acquired a cognitive map. This challenged the behaviorist belief that all learning requires reinforcement and introduced the idea of cognitive processes in learning.

Question 11

People have learned to control autonomic responses in order to attain reinforcement with the use of
A)programmed learning.
B)socialization.
C)token economies.
D)biofeedback training.

Accepted Answer

Biofeedback training involves using machines to provide individuals with feedback on their autonomic responses, such as heart rate or muscle tension. Through this feedback, individuals can learn to control these responses and achieve reinforcement. Therefore, option D is the best answer. Options A, B, and C do not directly involve the manipulation of autonomic responses for reinforcement.

Question 12

Tolman showed that rats can learn about their environment without reinforcement. His research illustrated the difference between
A)learning and performance.
B)learning and mapping.
C)goals and learning.
D)association and reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Tolman's research showed that rats could create a cognitive map of their environment and use it to navigate without reinforcement. This distinguished between learning (the creation of a mental model of the environment) and performance (the actual execution of behavior). Thus, the correct answer is learning and performance. The other choices are not relevant to Tolman's research.

Question 13

William's dad was a gardener. William often played in the yard where his dad worked. He now has his own home and prides himself for having the best garden on the block. Most likely, ___________ learning occurred during his childhood.
A)programmed
B)classical
C)association
D)observational

Accepted Answer

Observational learning occurred during William's childhood as he learned from watching his dad work as a gardener, which likely influenced his own interest in gardening and the development of his own gardening skills.

Question 14

B.F. Skinner designed an educational practice based on operant conditioning. This practice worked on the assumption that complex tasks that involve conceptual learning along with motor skills can be broken down into small steps. This design was called
A)programmed learning.
B)operant learning.
C)motor learning.
D)conceptual learning.

Accepted Answer

B.F. Skinner's educational practice based on operant conditioning is called programmed learning, which involves breaking down complex tasks into smaller steps that allow for reinforcement and feedback. This method is intended to facilitate learning and improve performance.

Question 15

Operant conditioning can be effective in which of the following circumstances?
A)Modifying one's own behavior
B)Lowering blood pressure
C)Disciplining children at school
D)All of these

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning can be effective in modifying one's own behavior, such as breaking a bad habit or improving study habits. It can also be used to lower blood pressure by rewarding relaxation techniques. Additionally, operant conditioning can be used as a discipline method for children at school, where desirable behaviors are reinforced and undesirable behaviors are punished. Therefore, all of these options are appropriate for the application of operant conditioning.

Question 16

Cognitive psychologist use concepts such as
A)structures and schemas.
B)templates and information processing.
C)association and reinforcement.
D)all of these

Accepted Answer

Cognitive psychologists use a variety of concepts to understand how people process information, make decisions, and solve problems. These concepts include structures and schemas (which help us organize and interpret information), templates (which are mental representations of how to deal with certain types of situations), and information processing approaches (which describe how we take in, store, and retrieve information). Association and reinforcement are more closely related to behaviorist theories, but cognitive psychologists also consider how these processes influence cognition. Therefore, all of the options listed are relevant to cognitive psychology.

Question 17

Rescorla's research on contingency theory supports a cognitive perspective in learning because
A)of the role of contiguity.
B)contiguity alone cannot account for learning.
C)the tone preceded the shock.
D)dogs became conditioned when a shock followed the tone.

Accepted Answer

Rescorla's research showed that contiguity alone cannot account for learning, as dogs only became conditioned when there was a predictive relationship between the tone and shock. This supports a cognitive perspective in learning, as it suggests that animals are actively making inferences about the relationships between events rather than just forming associations based on simple contiguity.

Question 18

If parents ignore children's desirable behavior, _______ is likely to occur.
A)extinction
B)reinforcement
C)spontaneous recovery
D)punishment

Accepted Answer

Ignoring desirable behavior leads to the cessation of that behavior, which is called extinction.

Question 19

In biofeedback training, reinforcement comes in the form of
A)information.
B)money.
C)heat.
D)tokens.

Accepted Answer

In biofeedback training, reinforcement is provided through information about physiological processes, allowing individuals to learn how to control those processes.

Question 20

The "cognitive factor" in learning refers to
A)unobservable mental events.
B)observable mental events.
C)observable behaviors that are connected to thinking.
D)observable behavior.

Accepted Answer

The cognitive factor refers to unobservable mental events, such as information processing, attention, memory, and problem-solving, that are involved in learning. This contrasts with observable behaviors, which are part of the behavioral factor in learning.

Quiz 5: Learning

Carl and "his amazing canines" are an act in the circus. Jumping through a fiery hoop is one of the acts. At the onset of this training, Carl reinforced the dogs for each movement toward the hoop. Eventually, they were reinforced as they neared the hoop. This is an example of

A rat that was allowed to roam freely in a maze without reinforcement will later find food at the end of the maze faster than a rat that never saw the maze before because of

The educational method that assumes any complex task involving conceptual learning as well as motor skills can be broken down into a number of small steps, and that these steps can be shaped individually and combined in sequence to form the correct behavioral chain, is called

Learning that is not mechanically acquired through reinforcement, void of overt responses, and gained through paying attention to other's behavior is called ___________ learning.

Every day you walk across campus, passing many buildings you've not had need to enter. Toward the end of the semester, you have to speak to your professor about a research paper. When she tells you her office is in Murray Hall, you know exactly where it is. You have demonstrated

Gina uses biofeedback to reduce her blood pressure. She has a piece of equipment that tells her when her blood pressure is increasing. Using this technique has helped Gina reduce her blood pressure, and she continues to use it. Thus, for Gina, biofeedback has become a(n)

A rat that was allowed to roam freely in a maze without reinforcement will later find food at the end of the maze faster than a rat that has never seen the maze. According to Tolman, the experienced rat can do this because

According to contingency theory, a randomly presented conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus would not change behavior because

According to Bandura, a person who engages in a response to be imitated is a

The significance of Tolman's research on latent learning was that

People have learned to control autonomic responses in order to attain reinforcement with the use of

Tolman showed that rats can learn about their environment without reinforcement. His research illustrated the difference between

William's dad was a gardener. William often played in the yard where his dad worked. He now has his own home and prides himself for having the best garden on the block. Most likely, ___________ learning occurred during his childhood.

B.F. Skinner designed an educational practice based on operant conditioning. This practice worked on the assumption that complex tasks that involve conceptual learning along with motor skills can be broken down into small steps. This design was called

Operant conditioning can be effective in which of the following circumstances?

Cognitive psychologist use concepts such as

Rescorla's research on contingency theory supports a cognitive perspective in learning because

If parents ignore children's desirable behavior, _______ is likely to occur.

In biofeedback training, reinforcement comes in the form of

The "cognitive factor" in learning refers to