Question 1

An individual's complete collection of genes is called his or her:
A)genotype.
B)DNA.
C)phenotype.
D)chromosome.

Accepted Answer

A genotype refers to the complete set of an individual's genes. It is the genetic makeup of an organism, including all the genes inherited from their parents. The other options are not accurate as DNA refers to the genetic material that makes up the genes, phenotype refers to the observable traits of an individual, and chromosomes are structures that contain genes.

Question 2

Two weeks after conception, the developing fertilized egg is called a(n):
A)embryo.
B)fetus.
C)zygote.
D)blastocyst.

Accepted Answer

At two weeks after conception, the fertilized egg has implanted itself in the uterine lining and has started to form the placenta, umbilical cord, and amniotic sac. At this stage, it is considered an embryo. The zygote stage occurs immediately after fertilization, while the blastocyst stage occurs around 5-6 days after fertilization. The fetus stage occurs around 9 weeks after conception when the major organs have formed.

Question 3

Gavin has brown hair and green eyes. He is outgoing and a risk-taker, and he excels at his job as a financial analyst. All of these observable traits are part of his:
A)genotype.
B)phenotype.
C)dominant gene.
D)epigenetics.

Accepted Answer

Phenotype refers to the observable and physical characteristics of an individual, including their physical appearance, behavior, and abilities. It is determined by a combination of genetic makeup (genotype) and environmental factors, which can include upbringing, nutrition, lifestyle, and experiences. In this case, Gavin's brown hair, green eyes, outgoing personality, and job performance are all observable aspects of his phenotype. Dominant genes are a specific type of genetic inheritance pattern, and epigenetics refers to the study of how environmental factors can influence gene expression, but neither term applies directly to Gavin's observable traits.

Question 4

The nucleus of a human cell contains _____ chromosomes.
A)23
B)23 pairs of
C)2
D)2 pairs of

Accepted Answer

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell. The pairs consist of one chromosome from each parent, giving us our genetic information.

Question 5

Chromosomes are molecules of:
A)DNA.
B)genes.
C)genotypes.
D)phenotypes.

Accepted Answer

Chromosomes are molecules of DNA, which carry the genetic information necessary for the development and functioning of all living organisms. While genes are segments of DNA that code for specific traits or functions, they are located on chromosomes. Genotypes are the specific genetic makeup of an organism, while phenotypes are the physical traits that result from the interaction of an organism's genotype and environmental influences.

Question 6

In a gene pair, the _____ gene overpowers the other member of the pair.
A)phenotype
B)genotype
C)dominant
D)recessive

Accepted Answer

In a gene pair, the dominant gene overpowers the recessive gene. This means that even if an individual has one dominant and one recessive gene for a trait, the dominant gene will determine the expression of that trait in the individual's phenotype.

Question 7

Which sequence represents the units of genetics, from the smallest and most specific to the largest and most inclusive?
A)DNA > gene > chromosome
B)DNA > chromosome > gene
C)gene > DNA > chromosome
D)gene > chromosome > DNA

Accepted Answer

Genes are segments of DNA, and chromosomes are structures that contain many genes.

Question 8

A teratogen is:
A)an environmental agent that can produce a birth defect.
B)a genetic or chromosomal abnormality that may produce a developmental disorder.
C)any physical defect in an unborn child.
D)a fertilized egg that undergoes rapid cell division.

Accepted Answer

A teratogen is an environmental agent that can cause birth defects. It may include drugs, chemicals, infections, or other factors.

Question 9

As identical twins get older, their observable characteristics become increasingly dissimilar, whereas their genetic makeup remains the same. In other words, their _____ changes, whereas their _____ does not.
A)dominant gene; recessive gene
B)recessive gene; dominant gene
C)genotype; phenotype
D)phenotype; genotype

Accepted Answer

The observable physical characteristics of a person are known as phenotype whereas the genetic makeup is known as genotype. As identical twins get older, the environment they are exposed to can cause changes in their phenotype, leading to differences even though their genotype remains the same. Therefore, option D is the best choice.

Question 10

Collectively, an individual's observable characteristics are called his or her:
A)genotype.
B)DNA.
C)phenotype.
D)chromosome.

Accepted Answer

The phenotype refers to an individual's observable characteristics, including physical traits like eye color, hair color, and height, as well as behavioral traits and other external factors. The genotype refers to an individual's genetic makeup, while DNA and chromosomes are more specific components of genetic material.

Question 11

When Tara states that she is fascinated by the way the environment affects the expression of genetic characteristics, Devin suggests she explore the field of:
A)genetics.
B)development psychology.
C)epigenetics.
D)biopsychology.

Accepted Answer

Epigenetics is the study of how environmental factors can influence gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence. Tara's interest in the interaction between the environment and genetic characteristics aligns with the field of epigenetics. The other choices, genetics, developmental psychology, and biopsychology, while related to genetics and behavior, do not specifically address the interaction between environment and gene expression.

Question 12

The first 2 weeks of a pregnancy, from conception to implantation, are termed the _____ period.
A)embryonic
B)germinal
C)fetal
D)zygotic

Accepted Answer

The first 2 weeks of pregnancy, from conception to implantation, is known as the germinal period. This is because during this time, the fertilized egg divides rapidly and travels from the fallopian tube to the uterus, where it implants into the uterine wall. During this period, the zygote undergoes several mitotic divisions, giving rise to a ball of cells called a blastocyst.

Question 13

Dizygotic twins share _____% of their genetic material.
A)25
B)50
C)75
D)100

Accepted Answer

Dizygotic twins, commonly known as fraternal twins, result from the fertilization of two different eggs by two different sperm. Therefore, they share, on average, 50% of their genetic material like any other siblings who are not twins, assuming no genetic mutation or crossing over events occur during egg or sperm formation.

Question 14

The field of _____ explores how the environment affects the expression of genetic attributes.
A)genetics
B)development psychology
C)biopsychology
D)epigenetics

Accepted Answer

The field of epigenetics specifically examines how external factors, such as the environment, can cause changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.

Question 15

The cross-sequential research design may be seen as: 
A)essentially the same thing as a longitudinal design.
B)the opposite of the cross-sectional design.
C)unrelated to either the longitudinal or the cross-sectional design.
D)a combination of the cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.

Accepted Answer

The cross-sequential research design is a combination of the cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. It involves studying several groups of people at different ages, over a period of time. This allows researchers to make both cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons, which helps them to identify age-related trends and developmental changes.

Question 16

Which sequence reflects the stages of prenatal development from conception to birth?
A)germinal > embryonic > fetal
B)fetal > embryonic > germinal
C)germinal > fetal > embryonic
D)fetal > germinal > embryonic

Accepted Answer

The correct sequence of prenatal development from conception to birth is germinal stage, embryonic stage, and fetal stage. During the germinal stage, the zygote divides and implants in the uterine lining, followed by the embryonic stage where the major organs and body systems develop. Finally, during the fetal stage, the organs continue to mature and the body grows in size and weight. Option A lists the correct sequence in the proper order.

Question 17

Mrs. Allen is pregnant. Her baby's legs and arms have started to grow, and its intestinal system is beginning to develop. The baby is in the _____ stage of prenatal development.
A)zygotic
B)fetal
C)embryonic
D)germinal

Accepted Answer

The embryonic stage of prenatal development begins after the zygotic stage and lasts from the end of the second week through the eighth week of pregnancy. During this stage, the major organs and body systems begin to form, including the arms, legs, and intestinal system. Therefore, based on the given information, the best choice is C)embryonic.

Question 18

An individual's _____ is comprised of his or her 23 pairs of chromosomes.
A)DNA
B)genotype
C)dominant gene
D)phenotype

Accepted Answer

An individual's genotype is comprised of his or her 23 pairs of chromosomes, which contain all of the genetic information necessary to determine their inherited traits.

Question 19

Lily is investigating variables potentially associated with bullying among school-aged children. In 2013, she selected three samples of children: a group of 9-year-olds, a group of 11-year-olds, and a group-of 13-year-olds. She interviewed the children and asked them to complete several questionnaires. Lily anticipates repeating the procedure with the same children in 2015 and in 2017. Lily's study exemplifies a _____ research design. 
A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)cross-sequential
D)multi-cohort

Accepted Answer

Lily's study is a cross-sequential design because it combines elements of both longitudinal and cross-sectional designs by following several age groups over time.

Question 20

Ken and Kendra are fraternal twins. Lara and Lonnie are non-twin siblings. Ken and Kendra share _____% of their genes. Lara and Lonnie share _____% of their genes.
A)50; 25
B)50; 50
C)100; 25
D)100; 50

Accepted Answer

Fraternal twins, like Ken and Kendra, share about 50% of their genes, similar to any other siblings. Lara and Lonnie, being non-twin siblings, also share about 50% of their genes.

Quiz 8: Cognition, Language, and Intelligence

An individual's complete collection of genes is called his or her:

Two weeks after conception, the developing fertilized egg is called a(n) :

Gavin has brown hair and green eyes. He is outgoing and a risk-taker, and he excels at his job as a financial analyst. All of these observable traits are part of his:

The nucleus of a human cell contains _____ chromosomes.

Chromosomes are molecules of:

In a gene pair, the _____ gene overpowers the other member of the pair.

Which sequence represents the units of genetics, from the smallest and most specific to the largest and most inclusive?

A teratogen is:

As identical twins get older, their observable characteristics become increasingly dissimilar, whereas their genetic makeup remains the same. In other words, their _ changes, whereas their _ does not.

Collectively, an individual's observable characteristics are called his or her:

When Tara states that she is fascinated by the way the environment affects the expression of genetic characteristics, Devin suggests she explore the field of:

The first 2 weeks of a pregnancy, from conception to implantation, are termed the _____ period.

Dizygotic twins share _____% of their genetic material.

The field of _____ explores how the environment affects the expression of genetic attributes.

The cross-sequential research design may be seen as:

Which sequence reflects the stages of prenatal development from conception to birth?

Mrs. Allen is pregnant. Her baby's legs and arms have started to grow, and its intestinal system is beginning to develop. The baby is in the _____ stage of prenatal development.

An individual's _____ is comprised of his or her 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Ken and Kendra are fraternal twins. Lara and Lonnie are non-twin siblings. Ken and Kendra share _% of their genes. Lara and Lonnie share _% of their genes.