Question 1

Why does the text's author believe theory is a good thing? Give two reasons and explain.

Accepted Answer

The text's author believes that theory is a good thing for two main reasons.

Firstly, the author argues that theory provides a framework for understanding and interpreting complex phenomena. By formulating theories, we are able to organize and make sense of the world around us, allowing us to predict and explain various events and behaviors. This can be especially beneficial in fields such as science, sociology, and psychology, where understanding underlying principles and patterns is crucial for making progress and solving problems.

Secondly, the author believes that theory stimulates critical thinking and innovation. By challenging existing assumptions and proposing new ideas, theories can inspire further research and discovery. They encourage us to question the status quo and explore alternative perspectives, leading to the development of new knowledge and the advancement of society as a whole.

Overall, the author sees theory as a valuable tool for making sense of the world and driving intellectual progress. By providing a framework for understanding and inspiring critical thinking, theory can ultimately lead to new insights and advancements in various fields.

Question 2

The author uses the terms "counseling" and "psychotherapy" interchangeably in the text to reflect the dominant view that the two activities are similar. Traditionally, what was considered to be the difference between the terms "counseling" and "psychotherapy"?

Accepted Answer

Traditionally, the terms "counseling" and "psychotherapy" were considered to have different implications. Counseling was often viewed as a process for individuals who are dealing with normal life stressors or transitions and need guidance or support, while psychotherapy was seen as a more intensive, long-term process aimed at deeper understanding and change, often used for individuals dealing with serious mental health issues or disorders. However, these distinctions have blurred over time, and many professionals now use the terms interchangeably.

Question 3

Explain how counseling theory might function as a schema. What are the benefits and drawbacks from this perspective?

Accepted Answer

Counseling theory can function as a schema in the sense that it provides a framework for understanding and interpreting the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals. Just like a schema helps organize and make sense of information, counseling theories offer a way to organize and make sense of the complexities of human experiences and relationships.

One benefit of using counseling theory as a schema is that it provides a structured approach to understanding and addressing the issues that clients bring to therapy. By using a theoretical framework, counselors can make sense of their clients' experiences and develop targeted interventions to help them. This can lead to more effective and efficient therapy, as well as a greater sense of direction for both the counselor and the client.

However, one drawback of using counseling theory as a schema is that it can be limiting. If a counselor adheres too strictly to a particular theoretical approach, they may overlook important nuances and complexities in their clients' experiences. Additionally, not all clients may fit neatly into the framework provided by a specific counseling theory, which can lead to a mismatch between the client's needs and the counselor's approach.

In conclusion, while using counseling theory as a schema can provide structure and direction in therapy, it is important for counselors to remain open to the unique experiences and needs of each client, and to be willing to adapt their approach as necessary.

Question 4

Describe the common factors approach and identify one of the most often cited common factors that is discussed in the text.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the common factors approach and identify...

Question 5

According to ethical guidelines put forth by the American Psychological Association and American Counseling Association, is it ethical for a counselor to engage in a sexual relationship with a current client? Or a former client?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to ethical guidelines put forth by...

Question 6

The NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program (TDCRP) found that:
A) the effects of psychotherapy were no different from placebo treatment.
B) interpersonal therapy was superior to cognitive behavioral therapy.
C) pharmacological therapies were superior to psychotherapies.
D) clients in this study did not improve much.

Accepted Answer

The NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program (TDCRP) found that the effects of psychotherapy were no different from placebo treatment.

Question 7

A statistical technique that combines the results of a selected set of studies into an overall index of effectiveness is called:
A) multiple regression
B) meta-analysis
C) standard deviation
D) bi-variate regression

Accepted Answer

Meta-analysis is a statistical technique that combines the results of a selected set of studies into an overall index of effectiveness.

Question 8

The EST movement began in Division 12 of the____________
A) American Psychological Association
B) American Counseling Association
C) International Psychoanalytical Association
D) American Mental Health Counselors Association

Accepted Answer

The EST (Empirically Supported Treatments) movement began in Division 12 of the American Psychological Association.

Question 9

A theory:
A) gives scientists more sophisticated methods to state what they already know.
B) is NOT comprised of constructs or ideas that are related to one another.
C) is useful to a scientist, but not a practitioner.
D) provides explanations for human behavior.

Accepted Answer

A theory provides explanations for human behavior by offering a framework of related constructs or ideas that help understand and predict phenomena.

Question 10

The primary purpose of theories of counseling is to explain:
A) the processes for human behavior change.
B) personality development.
C) cognitive changes that occur across the lifespan.
D) mechanisms for healthy versus unhealthy personalities.

Accepted Answer

Theories of counseling primarily aim to explain the processes for human behavior change, as they provide frameworks for understanding how individuals can be helped to modify their behaviors, thoughts, and emotions.

Question 11

Which of the following statements reflects a way that cognitive schemata can be harmful?
A) They interfere with a person's ability to organize information.
B) They contribute to the formation of stereotypes.
C) They give us too much information and impede information processing.
D) They allow us to more effectively learn a foreign language.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive schemata can lead to the formation of stereotypes by causing individuals to make generalized assumptions about others based on limited information.

Question 12

A counseling theory:
A) helps therapists organize information about their clients.
B) may lead a therapist to view a client from a biased perspective.
C) contributes to the gap between theory and practice.
D) both a and b are true.

Accepted Answer

A counseling theory helps therapists organize information about their clients and can also lead to a biased perspective if the therapist overly relies on the theory without considering individual client differences.

Question 13

Counseling theories provide therapists with:
A) fancy ways to talk to their clients about their presenting problems.
B) a method to identify with their clients.
C) a professional schemata.
D) alternative to relying on self-disclosure during therapy sessions.

Accepted Answer

Counseling theories offer therapists a structured framework or professional schemata to understand and address clients' issues effectively.

Question 14

A good counseling theory is:
A) precise
B) has empirical support
C) fits the client well
D) a and b

Accepted Answer

A good counseling theory should be precise and have empirical support to ensure it is effective and reliable.

Question 15

The most important point of Project MATCH was to
A) conduct a bigger, better, psychotherapy outcome study
B) discover the unique ingredients of the Alcoholics Anonymous approach
C) look at the effectiveness of three approaches to therapy with many kinds of clients
D) assess the effects of client characteristics in psychotherapy outcome

Accepted Answer

The answer of The most important point of Project MATCH...

Question 16

The Consumer Reports study was controversial because
A) it used retrospective reports of clients
B) it was not an experimental study
C) the therapists in the study were atheoretical
D) a and b

Accepted Answer

The Consumer Reports study was controversial because it used retrospective reports of clients and it was not an experimental study.

Question 17

The principle of ___________ says the simplest explanation that can handle the data is the best.
A) stimulation
B) parsimony
C) practicality
D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

The principle of parsimony states that the simplest explanation that can handle the data is the best.

Question 18

The ethical principles of ___________ dictate that counseling professionals are always attentive to client welfare and do not engage in behaviors that could in any way harm the client.
A) informed consent and competence
B) professionalism and concern
C) beneficence and malfeasance
D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

The ethical principles of beneficence and non-malfeasance (often referred to as non-maleficence) require that professionals act in the best interest of the client and avoid causing harm.

Question 19

___________ dictates that clients be given information in writing regarding the confidentiality of information they give to therapists.
A) HIPPA
B) MAPA
C) WHO
D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) requires that clients be informed in writing about the confidentiality of their information when dealing with healthcare providers, including therapists.

Question 20

If you are working with clients below the age of _____, you'll need to know that they legally cannot give informed consent to treatment (except in a few circumstances).
A) 16
B) 13
C) 18
D) 21

Accepted Answer

In most jurisdictions, individuals under the age of 18 are considered minors and cannot legally give informed consent to treatment without parental or guardian approval, except in specific situations like emancipated minors or certain medical treatments.

Quiz 1: Theory Is a Good Thing

Why does the text's author believe theory is a good thing? Give two reasons and explain.

The author uses the terms "counseling" and "psychotherapy" interchangeably in the text to reflect the dominant view that the two activities are similar. Traditionally, what was considered to be the difference between the terms "counseling" and "psychotherapy"?

Explain how counseling theory might function as a schema. What are the benefits and drawbacks from this perspective?

Describe the common factors approach and identify one of the most often cited common factors that is discussed in the text.

According to ethical guidelines put forth by the American Psychological Association and American Counseling Association, is it ethical for a counselor to engage in a sexual relationship with a current client? Or a former client?

The NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program (TDCRP) found that:

A statistical technique that combines the results of a selected set of studies into an overall index of effectiveness is called:

The EST movement began in Division 12 of the____________

A theory:

The primary purpose of theories of counseling is to explain:

Which of the following statements reflects a way that cognitive schemata can be harmful?

A counseling theory:

Counseling theories provide therapists with:

A good counseling theory is:

The most important point of Project MATCH was to

The Consumer Reports study was controversial because

The principle of ___________ says the simplest explanation that can handle the data is the best.

The ethical principles of ___________ dictate that counseling professionals are always attentive to client welfare and do not engage in behaviors that could in any way harm the client.

___________ dictates that clients be given information in writing regarding the confidentiality of information they give to therapists.

If you are working with clients below the age of _____, you'll need to know that they legally cannot give informed consent to treatment (except in a few circumstances) .