Question 1

Which of the following is the most often discussed cause of loss of information from short-term memory?
A) decay
B) forgetting
C) discarding
D) fading
E) repression

Accepted Answer

Decay is the most often discussed cause of loss of information from short-term memory, as it suggests that information fades over time if not actively maintained or rehearsed.

Question 2

Consolidation is the transference of information from __________ memory to __________ memory.
A) long-term; short-term
B) sensory; long-term
C) sensory; short-term
D) short-term; long-term
E) iconic; sensory

Accepted Answer

Consolidation refers to the process of transferring information from short-term memory, where it is temporarily held, to long-term memory, where it can be stored indefinitely. This is a fundamental concept in cognitive psychology and neuroscience, explaining how memories become stable and enduring over time.

Question 3

Consolidation involves
A) structural changes in the brain.
B) rehearsal that sustains neural activity.
C) transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory.
D) the passage of time.
E) all of the above.

Accepted Answer

Consolidation involves various processes including structural changes in the brain, rehearsal mechanisms that help sustain neural activity, the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory, and the passage of time, all of which contribute to the stabilization and storage of memories.

Question 4

What kinds of information are stored in long-term memory?
A) perceptual memories
B) motor memories
C) learning memories
D) passive memories
E) all of the above

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory stores a wide range of information, including perceptual memories (experiences and sensations), motor memories (skills and actions), learning memories (knowledge and facts), and passive memories (information not actively recalled). All these types contribute to the vast repository of long-term memory.

Question 5

Some of the strongest evidence for the consolidation hypothesis stems from
A) Peterson and Peterson's research on short-term memory.
B) disruption of normal brain functioning.
C) Shepard and Metzler's research on working memory.
D) enhancement of brain functioning involving people who have been trained to use mnemonic devices.
E) MRI research.

Accepted Answer

Disruption of normal brain functioning provides strong evidence for the consolidation hypothesis, as it shows how interference with brain processes can affect the ability to form long-term memories, supporting the idea that memories need to be consolidated to be retained.

Question 6

As she was driving to work, Margie was in a terrible auto accident. When she woke up in the hospital, she could not remember anything about the accident or what had happened to her just before that time. This is an example of what happens to people who have __________ amnesia.
A) anterograde
B) retrograde
C) retroactive
D) proactive
E) elaborative

Accepted Answer

Retrograde amnesia is characterized by the inability to recall events that occurred before the onset of the amnesia. In this case, Margie cannot remember the accident or events leading up to it, which is indicative of retrograde amnesia.

Question 7

Retrograde amnesia is a
A) lack of memory for newly learned information that is presented with previously learned information.
B) decreased memory for previously learned information that has decayed over time.
C) lack of memory for events that occurred just before an injury.
D) decrease in the capacity of short-term memory.
E) lack of memory for events that occur immediately following an injury.

Accepted Answer

Retrograde amnesia is characterized by a lack of memory for events that occurred just before an injury, affecting the ability to recall information that was known prior to the event that caused the amnesia.

Question 8

The fact that recent memories are most strongly disrupted when a person has __________ supports the consolidation view of long-term memory encoding.
A) anterograde
B) organic
C) retrograde
D) semantic
E) elaborative

Accepted Answer

Anterograde amnesia, which involves difficulty forming new memories after the onset of amnesia, supports the consolidation view of long-term memory encoding because it demonstrates how new information fails to be consolidated into long-term memory.

Question 9

__________ genes can be activated in the presence of chemicals that inhibit the synthesis of proteins.
A) Immediate-early
B) Inactivated-event
C) Illusory-amnesia
D) Initiation-encoding
E) Induction-event

Accepted Answer

Immediate-early genes are activated very quickly in response to stimuli, without the need for new protein synthesis, allowing them to respond to changes in the environment rapidly.

Question 10

The activity of an IEG named ZENK has been shown to increase when birds
A) search for food.
B) listen to birdsong.
C) defend their territories.
D) build nests.
E) fly in a flock.

Accepted Answer

ZENK is an immediate early gene that is known to be activated in the brain of birds when they listen to birdsong, which is a social and auditory stimulus.

Question 11

Craik and Lockhart challenged which assumption of previous theorists of memory consolidation?
A) Short-term memory and long-term memory appear to be physiologically distinct.
B) The time that information spends in short-term memory is the critical factor in information reaching long-term memory.
C) All of the information that gets into long-term memory must first pass through short-term memory.
D) There are different levels of memory.
E) Information in short-term memory comes only from sensory memory.

Accepted Answer

Craik and Lockhart proposed the Levels of Processing theory, which suggests that the depth of processing affects memory retention, challenging the idea that the duration in short-term memory is crucial for transferring information to long-term memory.

Question 12

Elaborative is to __________ as maintenance is to __________.
A) short-term; long-term
B) shallow; superficial
C) automatic; effortful
D) association; repetition
E) effortful; automatic

Accepted Answer

The answer of Elaborative is to __________ as maintenance is...

Question 13

Sal has six items on his grocery list. When he was at the grocery store, the other shoppers could hear him repeating "milk, juice, eggs, soap, chocolate, fruit"over and over again. Sal's behaviour is an example of __________ rehearsal.
A) activational
B) elaborative
C) differential
D) maintenance
E) rote

Accepted Answer

Maintenance rehearsal is the process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about a piece of information. Sal's repetition of his grocery list items is a classic example of using maintenance rehearsal to keep information in his short-term memory.

Question 14

Shirley is studying a list of psychology terms by relating each of them to everyday experience. She is trying to make the terms as relevant as possible to her life. Her method of studying reflects a strategy of rehearsal called __________ rehearsal.
A) activational
B) elaborative
C) differential
D) maintenance
E) activational.

Accepted Answer

Elaborative rehearsal involves relating new information to knowledge already stored in memory, making it more meaningful and easier to remember, which is what Shirley is doing by relating psychology terms to her everyday experiences.

Question 15

Craik and colleague's research suggests that complex sentences
A) provide more information than less complex sentences, which leads to better retention of that information.
B) provide more information than less complex sentences, which leads to less distinctive memories.
C) are more difficult to recall than simple ones.
D) do not produce adequate mental imagery for the precise recall of complex information.
E) require the usage of both long-term and short-term memory, resulting in less precise recall of the information than simple sentences.

Accepted Answer

Craik and colleagues found that complex sentences provide more information, which can lead to better retention due to deeper processing and elaboration.

Question 16

The levels of processing model was proposed by
A) Craik and Lockhart.
B) Posner and Tulving.
C) Atkinson and Shriffin.
D) Endel and Tulving.
E) Atkinson and Tulving.

Accepted Answer

The levels of processing model, which suggests that memory retention depends more on the depth of processing than on the specific processes used, was proposed by Craik and Lockhart in 1972.

Question 17

Shallow processing involves the processing of
A) letters.
B) the semantic features of verbal stimuli.
C) contextual characteristics.
D) the surface characteristics of stimuli.
E) general categories of information.

Accepted Answer

Shallow processing involves the processing of the surface characteristics of stimuli.

Question 18

Deep processing involves the processing of
A) letters.
B) the semantic features of stimuli.
C) contextual characteristics.
D) the surface characteristics of verbal stimuli.
E) general categories of information.

Accepted Answer

Deep processing refers to the thorough processing of information in terms of its meaning or semantic features, rather than just its superficial aspects.

Question 19

Ellie has to remember a poem for school. She does this by thinking about its meaning and the ways in which its structure enhances that meaning. She is using __________ processing.
A) shallow
B) automatic
C) maintenance
D) mnemonic
E) deep

Accepted Answer

Ellie is engaging in deep processing by focusing on the meaning and structure of the poem, which involves a more thorough understanding and analysis of the content, leading to better memory retention.

Question 20

Shallow processing is to __________ features as deep processing is to __________ features.
A) semantic; meaningful
B) contextual; elaborative
C) superficial; meaningful
D) physical; surface
E) general; specific

Accepted Answer

Shallow processing involves a more superficial evaluation of information, focusing on basic, surface-level features such as the appearance or sound of words. Deep processing, on the other hand, involves a more meaningful analysis, focusing on the semantics and the significance of the information.

Quiz 8: Memory

Which of the following is the most often discussed cause of loss of information from short-term memory?

Consolidation is the transference of information from memory to memory.

Consolidation involves

What kinds of information are stored in long-term memory?

Some of the strongest evidence for the consolidation hypothesis stems from

As she was driving to work, Margie was in a terrible auto accident. When she woke up in the hospital, she could not remember anything about the accident or what had happened to her just before that time. This is an example of what happens to people who have __________ amnesia.

Retrograde amnesia is a

The fact that recent memories are most strongly disrupted when a person has __________ supports the consolidation view of long-term memory encoding.

__________ genes can be activated in the presence of chemicals that inhibit the synthesis of proteins.

The activity of an IEG named ZENK has been shown to increase when birds

Craik and Lockhart challenged which assumption of previous theorists of memory consolidation?

Elaborative is to as maintenance is to .

Sal has six items on his grocery list. When he was at the grocery store, the other shoppers could hear him repeating "milk, juice, eggs, soap, chocolate, fruit"over and over again. Sal's behaviour is an example of __________ rehearsal.

Shirley is studying a list of psychology terms by relating each of them to everyday experience. She is trying to make the terms as relevant as possible to her life. Her method of studying reflects a strategy of rehearsal called __________ rehearsal.

Craik and colleague's research suggests that complex sentences

The levels of processing model was proposed by

Shallow processing involves the processing of

Deep processing involves the processing of

Ellie has to remember a poem for school. She does this by thinking about its meaning and the ways in which its structure enhances that meaning. She is using __________ processing.

Shallow processing is to features as deep processing is to features.