Question 1

Monism is defined as a philosophical view that considers 
A)mind to be the product of activity in the brain. 
B) mind and body to be separate entities.​ 
C) the senses as the source of knowledge.​ 
D) reality to exist when it enters the thinking of an observer.​

Accepted Answer

Monism is a view that sees the mind and body as a unified whole, rather than separate entities. It suggests that the mind arises from physical processes in the brain, indicating a materialist or physicalist perspective. Choice A is the option that best corresponds to this definition.

Question 2

The work of Fritz and Hitzig provided further evidence for the 
A)Neuron Doctrine. 
B) accuracy phenomenon.​ 
C) localization of some functions in the brain.​ 
D) Bell-Magendie law.​

Accepted Answer

The work of Fritz and Hitzig provided evidence for the localization of some functions in the brain by demonstrating that stimulation of specific areas of the cortex produced specific movements in the body. Their research laid the foundation for the concept of the motor cortex and the idea that different parts of the brain are responsible for different functions.

Question 3

According to Descartes,the mind 
A)is the product of neural activity. 
B)exists in both human and non-human animals. 
C)forms an indivisible whole with the body. 
D)is not a physical entity that can be studied.

Accepted Answer

Descartes believed that the mind is not a physical entity that can be studied. Rather, he viewed the mind as a separate, non-physical entity that interacts with the body through the pineal gland. This perspective is known as Cartesian dualism.

Question 4

Gall and Spurzheim are responsible for 
A)the Neuron Doctrine. 
B)establishing the electrical nature of neural communication. 
C)demonstrating that sensory and motor information uses separate pathways. 
D)proposing the "science" of phrenology.

Accepted Answer

Gall and Spurzheim were proponents of phrenology, a now discredited "science" that proposed that personality traits and abilities are determined by the shape and size of different regions of the brain.

Question 5

The Neuron Doctrine pertains to the 
A)use of electricity by neurons in communication. 
B)localization of language to the left hemisphere. 
C)separate pathways used for processing sensory and motor information 
D)nervous system as a collection of separate cells.

Accepted Answer

The Neuron Doctrine is the idea that the nervous system is made up of separate individual cells or neurons, rather than being a continuous meshwork as previously thought. This discovery was crucial in understanding how information is processed and communicated within the nervous system.

Question 6

Which of the following made the Neuron Doctrine possible? 
A)the light microscope and the use of stains in histology 
B) the ability to apply electricity through wires​ 
C) fewer restrictions on animal research​ 
D) fewer restrictions on human dissection​

Accepted Answer

The Neuron Doctrine, which postulates that the nervous system is comprised of discrete and individual cells or neurons, was made possible by the advancement of the light microscope and the development of staining techniques that allowed for the visualization of individual neurons.

Question 7

The localization of language functions in the brain was observed by 
A)Paul Broca. 
B)Santiago Ramón y Cajal. 
C)Fritsch and Hitzig. 
D)Camillo Golgi.

Accepted Answer

Paul Broca observed the localization of language functions in the brain by studying patients with language deficits (Broca's aphasia) and finding that the damage was localized in a specific area of the left frontal lobe.

Question 8

We know today that Santiago Ramón y Cajal's Neuron Doctrine is true,but what theory competed with the Neuron doctrine as recently as the early 1900s? 
A)the Bell-Magendie law 
B)Camillo Golgi's view of the nervous system as an interconnected network 
C)Luigi Galvani's proposal that nerves communicate using electricity 
D)phrenology

Accepted Answer

Camillo Golgi's view of the nervous system as an interconnected network, also known as the reticular theory, competed with Santiago Ramón y Cajal's neuron doctrine in the early 1900s. The reticular theory proposed that the nervous system was made up of a continuous network of cells, whereas the neuron doctrine proposed that the nervous system was made up of discrete cells (neurons) that communicated with each other through synapses. While Cajal's findings eventually supported the neuron doctrine, Golgi's work contributed to a better understanding of the broader structure of the nervous system.

Question 9

Dr.Jones argues that higher levels of the brain inhibit aggressive impulses originating in lower levels of the brain.It is likely that Dr.Jones has been most directly influenced in her thinking by the work of 
A)Santiago Ramón y Cajal 
B)John Hughlings Jackson. 
C)Franz Josef Gall. 
D)Luigi Galvani.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Jones' argument is based on the hierarchical organization of the brain proposed by John Hughlings Jackson, which suggests that higher levels of the brain have an inhibitory effect on lower levels. Santiago Ramón y Cajal is known for his work on the structure of the nervous system, but his ideas do not directly relate to the question. Franz Josef Gall proposed phrenology, which is not relevant to Dr. Jones' argument, and Luigi Galvani's work focused on the effects of electricity on muscles and nerves, which also does not directly relate to Dr. Jones' argument.

Question 10

The Neuron Doctrine was proposed by 
A)Descartes. 
B) Bell and Magendie.​ 
C)Camillo Golgi. 
D)Santiago Ramón y Cajal.

Accepted Answer

The Neuron Doctrine, which states that the nervous system is made up of individual units called neurons, was proposed by Santiago Ramón y Cajal.

Question 11

What mistaken notion about the nervous system persisted from ancient times up through the work of some Renaissance thinkers? 
A)The ventricles play a major role in the transmission of messages in the brain. 
B)The heart is the organ of intellect. 
C)Damage to the brain is easily repaired. 
D)The muscular tremors that characterize epilepsy do not originate in the brain.

Accepted Answer

The mistaken notion that persisted from ancient times up through the work of some Renaissance thinkers is that the ventricles, or cavities, in the brain played a major role in the transmission of messages in the brain. This notion was held by Greek philosophers such as Galen and was challenged by the Italian Renaissance anatomist Andreas Vesalius.

Question 12

Descartes' mind-body dualism is defined as a philosophical view that considers 
A)mind to be the product of neural activity. 
B) mind and body to be separate entities.​ 
C) reality to exist only when perceived by an observer.​ 
D) the senses as the source of knowledge.​

Accepted Answer

Descartes believed that the mind and body were separate entities, with the mind being non-physical and independent of the body. He argued that the mind was responsible for consciousness, reasoning, and emotions, while the body was responsible for physical sensations and movement. This view became known as mind-body dualism.

Question 13

Which of the following thinkers believed that the ventricles played an important role in transmitting information to and from the brain? 
A)Aristotle 
B) Galen​ 
C) Descartes​ 
D) Herophilus​

Accepted Answer

Galen believed that the ventricles were the primary organs through which the brain communicated with the rest of the body. He outlined a theory of brain function that posited that the ventricles were involved in processing sensory information and creating perceptions, thoughts, and movements.

Question 14

Although phrenology is mostly wrong,what did phrenologists get right about the nervous system? 
A)The ventricles play a major role in the transmission of messages in the brain. 
B) Sensation and movement have separate pathways.​ 
C) Neurons communicate using electrical signals.​ 
D) Some functions can be localized in the brain.​

Accepted Answer

Although phrenology's theory of specific brain functions being associated with specific skull areas is mostly wrong, it did demonstrate that some functions can be localized in the brain.

Question 15

Localization of function in the brain became established in large part due to the work of 
A)Descartes. 
B)Santiago Ramón y Cajal.  
C)Broca, Fritsch, and Hitzig. 
D)Hughlings Jackson.

Accepted Answer

While Descartes did speculate on the localization of brain function, it was not until much later that this idea became established. Santiago Ramón y Cajal made significant contributions to understanding the structure of the brain, but was not specifically focused on localization of function. Hughlings Jackson studied neurological disorders, but did not contribute to the idea of localization of function in the same way as Broca, Fritsch, and Hitzig, who are credited with discovering the motor and sensory cortices respectively.

Question 16

Phrenology is a 
A)technique for staining neural tissue. 
B) misguided attempt to correlate personality with bumps in the skull.​ 
C) method for imaging brain activity.​ 
D) method for fixing neural tissue.​

Accepted Answer

Phrenology is a now discredited pseudoscience that attempted to correlate personality traits with the shape and bumps of the skull. It had no scientific basis and was based on misguided assumptions.

Question 17

________ established electricity as the mode of communication used by the nervous system.
A)Descartes. 
B)Galvani and du Bois-Reymond. 
C)Golgi and Cajal. 
D)van Leeuwenhoek.

Accepted Answer

Galvani and du Bois-Reymond conducted experiments in the late 18th and early 19th century that established the role of electricity in the functioning of the nervous system. Galvani performed experiments on frog legs and showed that electrical stimulation could cause muscle contractions. Du Bois-Reymond refined this work and demonstrated that electrical signals were propagated along nerves, establishing electricity as the mode of communication in the nervous system.

Question 18

Your former roommate's personality has changed a great deal since an accident injured his frontal cortex.This observation offers support for the _________ view of the mind-body connection.
A)phrenologistic 
B) monistic​​ 
C) socialization 
D)dualistic

Accepted Answer

The monistic view proposes that the mind and body are inseparable and that mental processes arise from the physical workings of the brain. The observation that the roommate's personality changed due to a brain injury supports this view. The phrenologistic view believes that specific personality traits can be localized to specific areas of the brain, which has largely been discredited. The socialization view implies that personality is primarily shaped by environmental factors, which does not address the physical changes caused by a brain injury. The dualistic view proposes that the mind and body are separate entities, which also does not explain the physical changes in behavior resulting from brain damage.

Question 19

Experiments in which the cortices of rabbits and dogs were stimulated electrically were carried out by 
A)Paul Broca. 
B)Santiago Ramón y Cajal. 
C)Fritsch and Hitzig. 
D) Camillo Golgi.

Accepted Answer

The experiments in which the cortices of rabbits and dogs were stimulated electrically were carried out by Fritsch and Hitzig.

Question 20

Anton van Leeuwenhoek advanced brain science by 
A)demonstrating that neurons communicate via electricity. 
B)demonstrating that sensory and motor information travel along separate pathways. 
C)inventing the light microscope. 
D)proposing the Neuron Doctrine.

Accepted Answer

Anton van Leeuwenhoek is credited with inventing the light microscope, which he used to observe and describe various microscopic organisms. While he did not directly contribute to our understanding of brain science or the nervous system, his advancements in microscopy were essential for later neuroscientists to study the structure and function of neurons.

Quiz 1: What Is Behavioral Neuroscience

Monism is defined as a philosophical view that considers

The work of Fritz and Hitzig provided further evidence for the

According to Descartes,the mind

Gall and Spurzheim are responsible for

The Neuron Doctrine pertains to the

Which of the following made the Neuron Doctrine possible?

The localization of language functions in the brain was observed by

We know today that Santiago Ramón y Cajal's Neuron Doctrine is true,but what theory competed with the Neuron doctrine as recently as the early 1900s?

Dr.Jones argues that higher levels of the brain inhibit aggressive impulses originating in lower levels of the brain.It is likely that Dr.Jones has been most directly influenced in her thinking by the work of

The Neuron Doctrine was proposed by

What mistaken notion about the nervous system persisted from ancient times up through the work of some Renaissance thinkers?

Descartes' mind-body dualism is defined as a philosophical view that considers

Which of the following thinkers believed that the ventricles played an important role in transmitting information to and from the brain?

Although phrenology is mostly wrong,what did phrenologists get right about the nervous system?

Localization of function in the brain became established in large part due to the work of

Phrenology is a

________ established electricity as the mode of communication used by the nervous system.

Your former roommate's personality has changed a great deal since an accident injured his frontal cortex.This observation offers support for the _________ view of the mind-body connection.

Experiments in which the cortices of rabbits and dogs were stimulated electrically were carried out by

Anton van Leeuwenhoek advanced brain science by