Question 1

What type of labor arrangement was primarily used by counties and states to build roads and levees and to maintain county roads and state highways in the South?
A) slave gangs
B) chain gangs
C) farm system
D) convict system

Accepted Answer

Chain gangs were primarily used in the South for public works projects like building roads and levees, where prisoners were put to work under harsh conditions.

Question 2

What was the name of the first reformatory, which opened in 1876?
A) Elmira
B) Auburn
C) Pennsylvania
D) Attica

Accepted Answer

Elmira Reformatory, opened in 1876 in New York, was the first reformatory in the United States, focusing on the rehabilitation of inmates through education and vocational training.

Question 3

Who was the warden of Elmira Reformatory, who started his career in corrections as a prison guard in a state prison in Connecticut and contended imprisonment was designed to reform inmates?
A) John Howard
B) Zebulon Brockway
C) William Penn
D) Jeremy Bentham

Accepted Answer

Zebulon Brockway is known for his role as the warden of Elmira Reformatory, where he implemented progressive ideas about prison reform, emphasizing rehabilitation over punishment. He began his career in corrections as a prison guard in Connecticut and was a strong advocate for the idea that imprisonment should aim to reform inmates.

Question 4

______ sentences include a range of years that will be potentially served by the offender. The offender is released at some point during the assigned years by the sentencing judge.
A) Determinate
B) Truth-in
C) Indeterminate
D) Representative

Accepted Answer

Indeterminate sentences do not have a fixed end date but instead set a range of years. The actual release date within this range is determined later, often by a parole board, based on factors like behavior and rehabilitation progress.

Question 5

Which type of sentencing consists of fixed periods of incarceration with no flexibility in terms of time served?
A) determinate
B) truth-in
C) indeterminate
D) representative

Accepted Answer

Determinate sentencing consists of fixed periods of incarceration, where the judge assigns a set amount of time to serve, with no opportunity for parole before that time is fully served.

Question 6

Which prison system, considered the worst in the south and similar to the Mississippi prison system, placed inmates in charge of other inmates?
A) Maryland
B) California
C) Virginia
D) Arkansas

Accepted Answer

The Arkansas prison system was known for its "trustee system," where inmates were placed in charge of other inmates, similar to the notorious Mississippi prison system. This system was widely criticized for its brutality and the poor conditions under which inmates lived.

Question 7

Which prison era included a period of extraordinary urban and industrial growth and unprecedented social problems?
A) the Big House
B) progressive
C) conservative
D) substantial

Accepted Answer

The Progressive Era, which spanned from the 1890s to the 1920s, was marked by significant urban and industrial growth, leading to numerous social reforms, including changes in the prison system to address the unprecedented social problems of the time.

Question 8

Which type of prison was typically made of large stones with brick walls, guard towers, and checkpoints within the facility?
A) minimum security
B) Big House
C) intermediate
D) medium security

Accepted Answer

The term "Big House" is often used to describe older, traditional prisons that were typically made of large stones with brick walls, guard towers, and checkpoints within the facility. These characteristics are associated with high-security prisons rather than minimum, intermediate, or medium security facilities.

Question 9

Which model can be described as a correctional treatment that utilizes a mental health approach incorporating psychology, biology, and criminology to treat the offender?
A) reintegration
B) restorative
C) medical
D) scientific

Accepted Answer

The medical model in correctional treatment focuses on treating the offender using a mental health approach that incorporates elements from psychology, biology, and criminology. This model views criminal behavior as a disease or a result of psychological issues that can be treated or cured.

Question 10

At the heart of the medical model was the ______ process; everything in the medical model that followed hinged on the accuracy and effectiveness of this process.
A) punishment
B) reintegration
C) classification
D) supervision

Accepted Answer

The medical model in healthcare and psychology emphasizes diagnosis and treatment. The classification process is crucial because it involves diagnosing the condition or illness, which then guides the subsequent treatment plan and interventions. Accurate classification (diagnosis) is essential for effective treatment outcomes.

Question 11

Which model evolved during the last few years to include identifying programs that examined external environment causes of crime?
A) medical
B) crime control
C) restorative
D) reintegration

Accepted Answer

The reintegration model has evolved to include identifying programs that examine external environmental causes of crime, focusing on rehabilitating offenders and reintegrating them into society.

Question 12

What 1974 report was an examination of a number of various prison treatment programs?
A) Martinson Report
B) Hoover Report
C) Knapp Report
D) Carson Report

Accepted Answer

The Martinson Report, officially titled "The Effectiveness of Correctional Treatment: A Survey of Treatment Evaluation Studies," was a groundbreaking examination of various prison treatment programs. Authored by Robert Martinson, the report concluded that with few exceptions, rehabilitation efforts that had been evaluated to that date had no appreciable effect on recidivism, which sparked significant debate and led to a reevaluation of rehabilitation strategies within the criminal justice system.

Question 13

Which model emerged during the "get-tough movement" and incorporated longer sentences and an increased use of intensive supervised probation?
A) reintegration
B) crime control
C) medical
D) restorative

Accepted Answer

The "get-tough movement" is associated with the crime control model, which emphasizes the importance of reducing crime through increased police and prosecutorial powers, longer sentences, and a general focus on the aggressive enforcement of laws. This approach often includes the use of intensive supervised probation as a means to closely monitor offenders in the community.

Question 14

The average time served for BOP inmates is around ______years in length.
A) 15.5
B) 10
C) 6.5
D) 4

Accepted Answer

The average time served for Bureau of Prisons (BOP) inmates is approximately 6.5 years.

Question 15

In late 2016, national statistics indicated that more than half (54%) of all state prison inmates were violent offenders, while nearly half (47%) of federal inmates were ______ offenders.
A) domestic violence
B) sexual
C) drug
D) white-collar

Accepted Answer

Nearly half (47%) of federal inmates were drug offenders, reflecting the federal government's focus on drug-related crimes and the enforcement of drug laws.

Question 16

Which of the following are the three largest state prison systems?
A) California, Texas, and Louisiana
B) Texas, Georgia, and New York
C) Texas, California, and Florida
D) Maryland, Texas, and New York

Accepted Answer

The three largest state prison systems in terms of inmate population are Texas, California, and Florida. These states have the highest numbers of incarcerated individuals in the United States, reflecting their large overall populations and extensive criminal justice systems.

Question 17

When examining early forms of punishment and corrections, it was clearly ______ compared with punishments today.
A) barbaric
B) simplistic
C) compassionate
D) humane

Accepted Answer

Early forms of punishment were often harsh and severe, lacking the more refined and rehabilitative approaches seen in modern corrections, thus making "barbaric" the correct descriptor.

Question 18

The rise of the ______ and the writings of a variety of scholars and philosophers helped shape the use of simple punishments from barbaric cruelty to corrective mechanisms indeed to reduce problematic behaviors.
A) illumination
B) enlightenment
C) brilliance
D) wisdom

Accepted Answer

The term "Enlightenment" refers to a period in history characterized by a philosophical movement that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional doctrines, which influenced the reform of the criminal justice system towards more humane and corrective approaches.

Question 19

Corrections is defined as the process whereby practitioners from a variety of agencies and programs use tools, techniques, and facilities to engage in organized security and treatment functions intended to correct criminal tendencies among the offender population.

Accepted Answer

Corrections indeed encompasses the range of activities, strategies, and programs utilized by various agencies and professionals aimed at rehabilitating offenders and addressing their criminal behaviors to prevent future offenses. This includes incarceration, probation, parole, and rehabilitative efforts.

Question 20

Lex talionis was the first written code of law by the King of Babylon.

Accepted Answer

Lex talionis refers to the principle of "an eye for an eye" and is not a written code of law by itself. The first written code of law is the Code of Hammurabi, created by the Babylonian King Hammurabi.

Quiz 1: Early History of Punishment and the Development of Prisons in the United States

What type of labor arrangement was primarily used by counties and states to build roads and levees and to maintain county roads and state highways in the South?

What was the name of the first reformatory, which opened in 1876?

Who was the warden of Elmira Reformatory, who started his career in corrections as a prison guard in a state prison in Connecticut and contended imprisonment was designed to reform inmates?

______ sentences include a range of years that will be potentially served by the offender. The offender is released at some point during the assigned years by the sentencing judge.

Which type of sentencing consists of fixed periods of incarceration with no flexibility in terms of time served?

Which prison system, considered the worst in the south and similar to the Mississippi prison system, placed inmates in charge of other inmates?

Which prison era included a period of extraordinary urban and industrial growth and unprecedented social problems?

Which type of prison was typically made of large stones with brick walls, guard towers, and checkpoints within the facility?

Which model can be described as a correctional treatment that utilizes a mental health approach incorporating psychology, biology, and criminology to treat the offender?

At the heart of the medical model was the ______ process; everything in the medical model that followed hinged on the accuracy and effectiveness of this process.

Which model evolved during the last few years to include identifying programs that examined external environment causes of crime?

What 1974 report was an examination of a number of various prison treatment programs?

Which model emerged during the "get-tough movement" and incorporated longer sentences and an increased use of intensive supervised probation?

The average time served for BOP inmates is around ______years in length.

In late 2016, national statistics indicated that more than half (54%) of all state prison inmates were violent offenders, while nearly half (47%) of federal inmates were ______ offenders.

Which of the following are the three largest state prison systems?

When examining early forms of punishment and corrections, it was clearly ______ compared with punishments today.

The rise of the ______ and the writings of a variety of scholars and philosophers helped shape the use of simple punishments from barbaric cruelty to corrective mechanisms indeed to reduce problematic behaviors.

Corrections is defined as the process whereby practitioners from a variety of agencies and programs use tools, techniques, and facilities to engage in organized security and treatment functions intended to correct criminal tendencies among the offender population.

Lex talionis was the first written code of law by the King of Babylon.