Question 1

The separation-individuation theory of childhood development, proposed by Mahler, delineates a few main phases and several overlapping sub-phases that occur in children between birth and two or more years of age. Which main phase does the sub-phase rapprochement occur during?
A)Normal symbiotic phase
B)Normal autistic phase
C)Separation-individuation phase
D)Normal hatching phase

Accepted Answer

Rapprochement is the last sub-phase of development in this model and occurs during the separation-individuation phase. Children start in the normal autistic phase, move on to the normal symbiotic phase, and then into this last phase. Hatching refers to the first sub-phase, which starts at the beginning of an infant's life (during the autistic phase).

Question 2

Erik Erikson, a Neo-Freudian, postulated eight stages of psychosocial development, rather than Freud's original five. He believed that each stage was marked by a conflict and an event that brought about resolution of that conflict. Which of the stages in his theory is marked by the conflict between trust and mistrust?
A)Love
B)Hope
C)Fidelity
D)Competence

Accepted Answer

Hope, the first stage of development, happens during infancy and is marked by resolving whether others can be trusted. That is, an infant figures out whether or not caregivers can be trusted.

Question 3

Developmental psychologists have proposed two kinds of change: qualitative and quantitative. Proponents of quantitative change believe that development is gradual and continuous. Which of the following psychologists adheres to this belief?
A)Piaget
B)Case
C)Kohlberg
D)Erikson

Accepted Answer

Robbie Case is a proponent of quantitative change; more specifically, of the information processing approach. This concept suggests that differences between children and adults are created by accumulation of information and gradual maturation that allows for more complex neurological processes.

Question 4

Piaget's model of childhood development identifies four stages of cognitive development that individuals move through as they grow up. Which of those stages involves animistic thinking-giving inanimate objects psychological attributes?
A)Preoperational stage
B)Sensorimotor stage
C)Conservation stage
D)Formal operational stage

Accepted Answer

Preoperational stage, the second state of Piaget's model, includes animistic thinking, the tendency to give inanimate objects psychological attributes. It also includes intuitive thinking and egocentrism, among other developments.

Question 5

Personality development is considered to be a lifelong process. According to Levinson's theory, Seasons of a Man's Life, what phase of development is a man who is making personality judgments as a result of abandoning his early adulthood perspective in?
A)Age 30 transition
B)Mid-life transition
C)Middle adulthood
D)Settling down

Accepted Answer

Middle adulthood, which follows mid-life transition and precedes age 50 transition, is described by Levinson as a time when a man begins to abandon the early adulthood perspective and might make major personality adjustments in light of that perspective shift.

Question 6

Mary Ainsworth studied the attachment relationship between infants and caregivers and identified three levels of attachment. Which of the following is not one of the types of attachment identified by Ainsworth?
A)Secure attachment
B)Disorganized attachment
C)Avoidant attachment
D)Ambivalent attachment

Accepted Answer

Disorganized-disoriented attachment was identified by researchers (namely Mary Main) after Ainsworth presented her findings on attachment levels. This type of attachment is marked by infants who have no clear pattern in dealing with a caregiver when the caregiver returns to a room. This attachment is thought to be associated with abuse.

Question 7

James Marcia's theory of identity achievement claims that there are two distinct parts to adolescent identity development: time of choosing or crisis and commitment. He proposed four identity statuses based on this theory. A teenager who has committed to a goal without exploring alternatives is in which state?
A)Identity achievement
B)Identity diffusion
C)Foreclosure
D)Moratorium

Accepted Answer

Foreclosure is the identity status in which a teenager has committed to a goal without exploring alternatives. This choice may be based on available identity of an authority figure; for instance, a child whose parents are both psychologists may adopt that professional path.

Question 8

Research into potential negative effects of maternal employment and daycare on children has concluded which of the following?
A)High quality daycare may negatively impact children.
B)High quality daycare may be less detrimental to boys than to girls.
C)High quality daycare may have a positive effect on children's development of social skills.
D)Maternal employment can lead to gender stereotyping.

Accepted Answer

Good daycare has been found to positively influence development of social skills and intelligence. High quality daycare can be complementary to healthy parenting. There have been mixed findings about the impact of daycare of social development, largely due to large differences in daycare quality.

Question 9

Diana Baumrind studied socialization in the context of the parent-child relationship, and identified three parenting patterns. Which of the following is not one of those patterns?
A)Authoritarian
B)Authoritative
C)Permissive
D)Avoidant

Accepted Answer

The three patterns of parenting Baumrind identified are authoritarian (too harsh), authoritative (balanced), and permissive (too soft). Avoidant is often used to describe a type of attachment formed between child and parent.

Question 10

Divorce is thought to be potentially detrimental to childhood development. Based on studies and common conclusions, which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the effect of divorce on development?
A)Girls experience more internalizing behaviors and sleeper effects.
B)Boys experience fewer short- and long-term consequences than girls.
C)Preschool-age children experience the worst short-term effects.
D)Living with the same sex parent after divorce is usually better.

Accepted Answer

It has been concluded that boys have more short- and long-term consequences than girls do post-divorce, although girls may demonstrate more short-term effects.

Question 11

Health varies over a lifespan and is impacted by a number of factors, including age, diet, drug use, stress levels, and psychosocial factors. The Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale was developed to measure the relationship between poor health and which factor?
A)Drug use
B)Stress
C)Diet
D)Age

Accepted Answer

The Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale measures the relationship between stress and illness. It rates 43 items on a 100 point scale from most to least stressful; death of a spouse is rated as 100 as the most stressful life event.

Question 12

Developmental psychopathology looks at risk and protective factors during childhood and adolescence that can lead to illness. Garmezy published early research on protective factors, such as supportive family environment. Which of the following terms is defined by his ideas?
A)Resilience
B)Stable environment
C)Emotional strength
D)Interpersonal protection

Accepted Answer

Resilience is the term used in psychopathology to refer to the ability to cope with stress as a result of cumulative protective factors in childhood and adolescence, including personality disposition, supportive family environment, and an external support system.

Question 13

Certain chromosomal abnormalities cause disorders that significantly impact physical and cognitive capabilities. Which of the following disorders is indicated by rapid speech, abnormal facial structure, and working memory impairment in males?
A)Klinefelter's syndrome
B)Fragile X syndrome
C)Down's syndrome
D)Asperger syndrome

Accepted Answer

Fragile X syndrome is characterized by a number of physical abnormalities: rapid speech, social anxiety, and, in males, memory impairment. Fragile X is caused by a mutation of one gene on the X chromosome and is more common in males than in females.

Question 14

Rett's disorder, a pattern of developmental regression that results in permanent behavioral and communicative problems, becomes apparent in childhood. How long after birth is development typically normal before signs of the disorder manifest?
A)Four months
B)Four years
C)Six months
D)Three years

Accepted Answer

Development is typically normal until 6-18 months, when signs of Rett's disorder become apparent. Signs include regression of language milestones, loss of acquired motor skills, and deceleration in the rate of head growth.

Question 15

Vascular dementia is the second most common type of dementia in older adults. Which of the following is NOT true of vascular dementia?
A)Rapid deterioration can occur
B)Cause is related to cerebrovascular disease
C)Intellectual impairment is patchy rather than uniform
D)Intellectual impairment is global and uniform

Accepted Answer

Intellectual impairment as a result of vascular dementia is patchy, rather than global. This type of dementia affects some areas of the brain (like the frontal lobes) more than others. Patients may perform better on free recall tasks than on verbal fluency tasks, for example.

Question 16

What cognitive disorder involves both atypical movements and dementia in all cases?
A)Pick's disease
B)Huntington's disease
C)Parkinson's disease
D)Vascular dementia

Accepted Answer

Huntington's disease is characterized by a collection of involuntary movements, such as facial grimacing, jerking movements in limbs, and slow writhing movements, paired with dementia. Psychological symptoms and dementia typically develop first and are present in all cases of Huntington's.

Question 17

Donald Super's Archway Model of Career Determinants theory explains how these three factors impact an individual's career development over a lifetime.
A)Physiological, sociological, psychological
B)Biographical, sociological, psychological
C)Biographical, physiological, economical
D)Sociological, psychological, physiological

Accepted Answer

Donald Super's Archway Model of Career Determinants theory explains how career development is impacted over a lifetime through biographical, sociological, and psychological factors. Biological influences include beliefs, values, and needs; sociological influences are comprised of things such as the economy, family, and peers; psychological factors involve ones' self-concept

Question 18

In Donald Super's development of self-concept theory, he establishes five stages of career and life development. One of these stages is the exploration stage, which is characterized by __________ . Choose all that apply.
A)Examines variety of careers
B)Development of skills
C)Discerns which career choices are realistic
D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Exploration, which usually occurs between an individual's mid-teens to early twenties, is described by exploring a variety of careers, and skill development. In the establishment stage, the individual discerns realistic vs. unrealistic career choices

Question 19

Elderly couples are concerned about which of the following?
A)Finances
B)Physical health
C)Memory loss
D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Elderly couples are concerned about finances, physical health of each other, and possible memory loss. They may also be concerned about being left alone when one spouse dies, needing additional care and leaving their home and neighborhood, and being able to remain as independent as possible.

Question 20

Adolescence is the period of growth, and maturity that typically falls between the ages 12 and 18. Adolescence is often a hard time for children. Some of these difficult experiences can include __________ . Choose all that apply.
A)Sexual exploration
B)Attachment
C)Peer pressure
D)Physical changes

Accepted Answer

Sexual exploration, peer pressures, and physical changes are just a few of the struggles that individuals often experience as they move through adolescence. Attachment is a central concern in childhood (rather than adolescence), in terms of the relationship between the child and caregiver.

Quiz 5: Growth and Lifespan Development

The separation-individuation theory of childhood development, proposed by Mahler, delineates a few main phases and several overlapping sub-phases that occur in children between birth and two or more years of age. Which main phase does the sub-phase rapprochement occur during?

Developmental psychologists have proposed two kinds of change: qualitative and quantitative. Proponents of quantitative change believe that development is gradual and continuous. Which of the following psychologists adheres to this belief?

Piaget's model of childhood development identifies four stages of cognitive development that individuals move through as they grow up. Which of those stages involves animistic thinking-giving inanimate objects psychological attributes?

Personality development is considered to be a lifelong process. According to Levinson's theory, Seasons of a Man's Life, what phase of development is a man who is making personality judgments as a result of abandoning his early adulthood perspective in?

Mary Ainsworth studied the attachment relationship between infants and caregivers and identified three levels of attachment. Which of the following is not one of the types of attachment identified by Ainsworth?

Research into potential negative effects of maternal employment and daycare on children has concluded which of the following?

Diana Baumrind studied socialization in the context of the parent-child relationship, and identified three parenting patterns. Which of the following is not one of those patterns?

Divorce is thought to be potentially detrimental to childhood development. Based on studies and common conclusions, which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the effect of divorce on development?

Health varies over a lifespan and is impacted by a number of factors, including age, diet, drug use, stress levels, and psychosocial factors. The Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale was developed to measure the relationship between poor health and which factor?

Developmental psychopathology looks at risk and protective factors during childhood and adolescence that can lead to illness. Garmezy published early research on protective factors, such as supportive family environment. Which of the following terms is defined by his ideas?

Certain chromosomal abnormalities cause disorders that significantly impact physical and cognitive capabilities. Which of the following disorders is indicated by rapid speech, abnormal facial structure, and working memory impairment in males?

Rett's disorder, a pattern of developmental regression that results in permanent behavioral and communicative problems, becomes apparent in childhood. How long after birth is development typically normal before signs of the disorder manifest?

Vascular dementia is the second most common type of dementia in older adults. Which of the following is NOT true of vascular dementia?

What cognitive disorder involves both atypical movements and dementia in all cases?

Donald Super's Archway Model of Career Determinants theory explains how these three factors impact an individual's career development over a lifetime.

In Donald Super's development of self-concept theory, he establishes five stages of career and life development. One of these stages is the exploration stage, which is characterized by __________ . Choose all that apply.

Elderly couples are concerned about which of the following?

Adolescence is the period of growth, and maturity that typically falls between the ages 12 and 18. Adolescence is often a hard time for children. Some of these difficult experiences can include __________ . Choose all that apply.