Question 1

When cognitive psychotherapists teach clients how to handle recurring problems, it is often an attempt to eliminate
A) emotional consequences.
B) the ideal self.
C) self-defeating thinking.
D) negative personal constructs.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive psychotherapists often focus on helping clients identify and challenge self-defeating thinking patterns that contribute to recurring problems. By teaching clients cognitive restructuring techniques, therapists aim to help them develop new, more adaptive ways of thinking and responding. This can help to reduce the impact of negative thoughts and emotions, and help clients break free from cycles of self-sabotage.

Question 2

Greater recall for words that describe one's self than another, like a celebrity, is called the
A) locus of control effect.
B) memory facilitation.
C) self-reference effect.
D) personal construct effect.

Accepted Answer

The self-reference effect is the phenomenon where individuals have better memory for information that they can relate to themselves compared to information that they cannot relate to themselves. This effect has been demonstrated in various memory paradigms, including free recall, recognition, and source memory. This effect has been attributed to the idea that self-referential processing enhances encoding and retrieval of information, leading to better memory performance.

Question 3

All of the following techniques are methods used by Kelly in psychotherapy except one. Which one?
A) Asking people about their personal constructs
B) Asking people to describe their ideal selves
C) Asking people to define their personal constructs
D) Forcing people to attend to their process of construing the world

Accepted Answer

Kelly did not ask people to describe their ideal selves in psychotherapy. Instead, he focused on their personal constructs and how they construed the world around them.

Question 4

Participants in one study were divided into those with and without a well?developed "independence" schema. Later, participants were asked about their own level of independence. Compared to aschematics, participants with a strong independence schema
A) took longer to answer because they had more information to process.
B) took longer to answer because it was more important to them to give a correct answer.
C) took less time to answer.
D) took the same amount of time to answer, but were more confident of their answers.

Accepted Answer

Participants with a strong independence schema have a well-defined and established schema for independence, which means that it is quickly accessible and easily retrieved from memory. Therefore, they should take less time to answer questions about their own level of independence.

Question 5

The approach of self-discrepancy theory proposes
A) the actual self is different from one's self-concept.
B) there are three different representations of the self.
C) the internal self and external self are the same.
D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

Self-discrepancy theory suggests that there are three different representations of the self: the actual self, the ideal self, and the ought self.

Question 6

Many different therapies fall within the broad cognitive approach, but each cognitive therapy identifies _________ as the cause of behavioral problems and disorders.
A) a loss of freedom
B) early childhood experiences with caregivers
C) inappropriate behaviors
D) inappropriate thoughts

Accepted Answer

Cognitive therapies view inappropriate thoughts, including negative self-talk and distorted thinking patterns, as the underlying cause of behavioral problems and disorders. By addressing and changing these thoughts, individuals can improve their emotional and behavioral functioning.

Question 7

Albert Ellis describes an A-B-C reasoning process that creates unnecessary emotional problems. Which step in this reasoning process does he draw to the client's attention during rational emotive behavior therapy?
A) The activating experience, such as failing a test.
B) The unstated belief, such as "I should be good at everything I do."
C) The emotional consequence, such as depression.
D) The childhood experiences that made the person vulnerable to emotional problems.

Accepted Answer

Ellis draws attention to the unstated belief in the A-B-C reasoning process during rational emotive behavior therapy. This belief, often irrational and unrealistic, leads to the emotional consequence experienced by the client. Therefore, addressing and modifying this belief is a key focus of the therapy.

Question 8

In addition to allowing for rapid processing of schema-relevant information, self-schemas provide a framework for
A) organizing relevant information.
B) self-understanding.
C) processing unconscious feelings.
D) recalling life events.

Accepted Answer

Self-schemas provide a framework for organizing relevant information, helping individuals to quickly process and understand information that is consistent with their self-concept.

Question 9

Albert Ellis's goal in rational emotive behavior therapy is to
A) help clients repress negative emotion.
B) teach clients more effective social skills.
C) help clients get in touch with their true emotions.
D) replace clients' irrational beliefs with rational ones.

Accepted Answer

Albert Ellis's goal in rational emotive behavior therapy is to help clients replace their irrational beliefs with rational ones. This is achieved by helping clients identify and challenge their irrational thinking patterns and replace them with more realistic and helpful beliefs. The ultimate goal of this process is to help clients better manage their emotions, behaviors, and relationships.

Question 10

One function served by our "possible selves" is to
A) reduce anxiety associated with our unacceptable behavior.
B) provide incentives for future behavior.
C) make sense out of all the impinging information we face daily.
D) help us find a romantic partner.

Accepted Answer

Our "possible selves" serve as incentives for future behavior by providing a vision of who we want to be and motivating us to strive towards that ideal self.

Question 11

A researcher examines not only how people think of themselves today, but also the kind of person they want to become or are afraid of becoming. The researcher is probably investigating
A) stereotypes.
B) self-esteem.
C) possible selves.
D) personal constructs.

Accepted Answer

The concept of possible selves refers to people's ideas and aspirations about who they might become or who they might not want to become. This type of research focuses on the future and can help understand how individuals' goals and fears shape their perceptions of themselves. Stereotypes and self-esteem focus more on the present, while personal constructs refer to individuals' unique ways of organizing information and making sense of their world.

Question 12

One study of the self-schema presented students with 40 questions for which they pressed yes or no. Researchers found that participants were more likely to remember the information when
A) the words had the ability to generate emotions.
B) participants were asked about a rhyme.
C) a self-referent question was difficult to answer.
D) the question was processed about the participants themselves.

Accepted Answer

The study found that participants were more likely to remember information that was processed about themselves, which is consistent with the concept of self-schema. Option A is not necessarily related to the study, option B is specific to a certain type of question, and option C does not align with the findings of the study.

Question 13

When practicing rational emotive behavior therapy, a therapist will typically
A) look for the childhood experiences that contributed to the current problem.
B) examine the logic the client uses that leads him or her to the emotional reaction.
C) wait for the client to discover the source of the problem rather than suggest what the source might be.
D) affirm to the client that he or she has good reasons to feel the way he or she does.

Accepted Answer

Rational emotive behavior therapy focuses on examining and challenging the irrational thoughts and beliefs that underlie emotional reactions. This involves examining the client's thought patterns and pointing out the illogical or irrational aspects. The therapist does not typically search for childhood experiences or affirm the client's emotional reactions. Waiting for the client to discover the source of the problem could be a part of the therapy, but it is not the primary focus.

Question 14

Participants in one study were asked to respond with a yes or no to questions on a series of words. When later asked to recall as many of the words as possible, participants recalled words best when they had been asked,
A) "Is the word printed in big letters?"
B) "Does it rhyme with another word?"
C) "Does it mean the same as another word?"
D) "Does it describe you?"

Accepted Answer

The answer of Participants in one study were asked to...

Question 15

According to Ellis, people have psychological problems due to faulty reasoning based on
A) self-defeating thoughts.
B) irrational beliefs.
C) skewed personal constructs.
D) activating experiences.

Accepted Answer

Ellis' theory of REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy) asserts that people have psychological problems due to irrational beliefs, which are faulty thought patterns that lead to negative emotions and behaviors. These irrational beliefs include demandingness, catastrophizing, and low frustration tolerance.

Question 16

Your self-schema consists of those aspects of your behavior that are
A) innate.
B) most important to you.
C) similar to your parents.
D) unique to you alone.

Accepted Answer

Your self-schema consists of beliefs about yourself that are most important to you, and may include factors such as your values, personality traits, and goals. While some aspects of your self-schema may be influenced by your parents or innate characteristics, they are not necessarily the focus of your self-concept. Your self-schema is unique to you and reflects your individuality.

Question 17

Possible selves serve which of the following functions?
A) provide plans for how to perform behaviors
B) provide incentives for future behavior
C) help us interpret the personalities of others
D) both A and B

Accepted Answer

The answer of Possible selves serve which of the following...

Question 18

Self-schemas help us to do all of the following except one. Which one?
A) process self-relevant information
B) organize information
C) describe oneself
D) avoid stereotyping

Accepted Answer

Self-schemas are mental frameworks or cognitive structures that represent one's beliefs and experiences about oneself. They help us to process self-relevant information, organize information, and describe oneself. However, they do not necessarily help in avoiding stereotyping, as self-schemas are based on our past experiences and beliefs and could potentially contribute to biases and stereotypes.

Question 19

Participants in one study recalled words better when they had been asked first whether or not the word described them (rather than, for example, if the word had been printed in large letters). Researchers interpret this to mean that
A) the participants had to think about the word more when asked if it described them.
B) the self-description questions generated more interest for the participants than the other questions.
C) the self-description questions generated a stronger emotional reaction for the participants than the other questions.
D) the participants processed the information for the self-description questions through a self-schema.

Accepted Answer

This finding suggests that the self-description questions activated the participants' self-schema, which made the encoding and recall of the information more efficient. The participants were more likely to remember the word when they had to process it in relation to their own self-concept.

Question 20

Which part of the A-B-C process would be saying to yourself, "It is necessary that I get perfect grades in school."?
A) Activating experience
B) Irrational Belief
C) Emotional Consequence
D) Self-defeating thinking

Accepted Answer

Saying "It is necessary that I get perfect grades in school" is an example of an irrational belief in the A-B-C process. This belief puts immense pressure on oneself and sets up an unrealistic expectation that may not be attainable, leading to negative emotional consequences.

Quiz 15: The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment

When cognitive psychotherapists teach clients how to handle recurring problems, it is often an attempt to eliminate

Greater recall for words that describe one's self than another, like a celebrity, is called the

All of the following techniques are methods used by Kelly in psychotherapy except one. Which one?

Participants in one study were divided into those with and without a well?developed "independence" schema. Later, participants were asked about their own level of independence. Compared to aschematics, participants with a strong independence schema

The approach of self-discrepancy theory proposes

Many different therapies fall within the broad cognitive approach, but each cognitive therapy identifies _________ as the cause of behavioral problems and disorders.

Albert Ellis describes an A-B-C reasoning process that creates unnecessary emotional problems. Which step in this reasoning process does he draw to the client's attention during rational emotive behavior therapy?

In addition to allowing for rapid processing of schema-relevant information, self-schemas provide a framework for

Albert Ellis's goal in rational emotive behavior therapy is to

One function served by our "possible selves" is to

A researcher examines not only how people think of themselves today, but also the kind of person they want to become or are afraid of becoming. The researcher is probably investigating

One study of the self-schema presented students with 40 questions for which they pressed yes or no. Researchers found that participants were more likely to remember the information when

When practicing rational emotive behavior therapy, a therapist will typically

Participants in one study were asked to respond with a yes or no to questions on a series of words. When later asked to recall as many of the words as possible, participants recalled words best when they had been asked,

According to Ellis, people have psychological problems due to faulty reasoning based on

Your self-schema consists of those aspects of your behavior that are

Possible selves serve which of the following functions?

Self-schemas help us to do all of the following except one. Which one?

Participants in one study recalled words better when they had been asked first whether or not the word described them (rather than, for example, if the word had been printed in large letters) . Researchers interpret this to mean that

Which part of the A-B-C process would be saying to yourself, "It is necessary that I get perfect grades in school."?