Question 1

Which concept is best associated with increased content knowledge?
A) Increased expertise
B) Increased memory capacity
C) Increased processing speed
D) Increased metacognitive skills

Accepted Answer

Increased content knowledge is best associated with increased expertise, which refers to the possession of in-depth knowledge or skill in a particular area. The more one knows about a subject, the more expert they become in that area. Memory capacity, processing speed, and metacognitive skills can also aid in increasing content knowledge, but expertise specifically relates to possessing a high level of knowledge and skill in a particular subject.

Question 2

According to Kohlberg,
A) there is only one correct response to any moral dilemma.
B) religious arguments concerning moral issues are the strongest.
C) the reason underlying a moral decision is more important than the action taken.
D) moral reasoning is too complex to be accurately assessed.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg believed that the underlying reason or motivation behind a moral decision was more important than the action taken itself. He also believed in the notion of moral stages, wherein individuals progress through different stages of moral reasoning as they grow and develop. Therefore, the correct response to a moral dilemma may vary depending on an individual's stage of moral reasoning, making option A incorrect. Kohlberg also did not prioritize religious arguments as the strongest in moral decision making, making option B incorrect. Finally, while moral reasoning is complex, Kohlberg developed a theory and a scoring system (the Moral Judgment Interview) to assess it, making option D incorrect.

Question 3

What would you predict would happen when Duke, a white supremacist teen, reads a scientific study indicating that Asians have higher IQs than whites?
A) He would begin to reconsider his anti-Asian stance.
B) He would dismiss the study as being flawed.
C) He would now view Asians as more intelligent.
D) He would now views Asians as even less intelligent.

Accepted Answer

It is unlikely that Duke, a white supremacist teen, would change his beliefs based on a single scientific study that contradicts his worldview. Therefore, the most likely response would be to dismiss the study as flawed.

Question 4

Payton is 16 and his brother Eli is 10. When trying to pick the winner of the Super Bowl,
A) Payton will be more analytic, and Eli will be likely to use a heuristic.
B) Eli will be more analytic, and Payton will be likely to use a heuristic.
C) Payton will be more likely to use postconventional thinking, and Eli will be likely to use a universal ethical principle.
D) Eli will be more likely to use postconventional thinking, and Payton will be likely to use a universal ethical principle.

Accepted Answer

Payton, being older and presumably having more experience and knowledge of football, is more likely to approach the decision of picking the winner of the Super Bowl analytically, considering factors such as team statistics, player injuries and performances, and other relevant data. Eli, being younger and less experienced, is more likely to use a heuristic approach, relying on simple and easily available information such as team colors, mascots, or previous championships won.

Question 5

When considering the Heinz dilemma, Tony says that he would not steal the drug because his mommy told him that stealing was wrong, and people who steal get into trouble. This consideration indicates that Tony is most likely in Kohlberg's ____ stage of moral development.
A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth

Accepted Answer

The answer of When considering the Heinz dilemma, Tony says...

Question 6

When asked how she makes moral judgments, 15-year-old Eli says, "I do what my daddy says is right." This comment indicates that he is in the ____ level of moral thinking.
A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) unconventional

Accepted Answer

Eli's response indicates that she is relying on external authority (her father) to determine what is right and wrong, which is characteristic of the preconventional level of moral thinking in which individuals base their moral judgments on avoiding punishment and gaining rewards from authority figures.

Question 7

Moral reasoning based on instrumental orientation tends to occur at the ____ level of moral thinking.
A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) unconventional

Accepted Answer

Moral reasoning based on instrumental orientation is focused on what is beneficial or harmful to oneself, and is commonly found at the preconventional level of moral thinking. At this stage, individuals are less focused on others and more focused on their own self-interests.

Question 8

What basic moral question underlies the Heinz dilemma?
A) Are humans naturally violent or passive?
B) Can stealing be justified?
C) Is there a God?
D) Is the correct term "catsup" or "ketchup?"

Accepted Answer

The Heinz dilemma presents a situation where a husband is faced with the dilemma of whether to steal a medicine to save his dying wife or not. The dilemma raises the question of whether stealing can ever be justified, and thus the basic moral question underlying the dilemma is whether stealing can be morally justifiable in certain circumstances.

Question 9

What technique did Kohlberg use to assess moral thinking?
A) He presented participants with moral dilemmas.
B) He observed moral behavior in laboratory experiments.
C) He observed moral behavior in real-life experiments.
D) He reviewed newspaper accounts on acts of bravery and acts of violence.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg used moral dilemmas, such as the Heinz dilemma, to assess moral thinking. Participants were presented with a hypothetical scenario and asked to explain their reasoning for their chosen course of action, leading to an analysis of their moral stage of development.

Question 10

Heuristics tend to be very
A) sophisticated.
B) fast.
C) accurate.
D) analytical.

Accepted Answer

Heuristics are mental shortcuts that allow people to make quick decisions without carefully analyzing all available information. Therefore, they tend to prioritize speed over accuracy, making choice B the best option.

Question 11

The statement, "The center of the Earth must be made of pudding because no one has shown that it is not" represents a(n) _____ argument.
A) ad hominem
B) ad ignorantiam
C) ad populum
D) postconventional

Accepted Answer

The argument falls under the fallacy of "ad ignorantiam" or "appeal to ignorance" because it is based on the absence of evidence to provide a conclusion. It assumes that the absence of evidence is the evidence of absence.

Question 12

In the Victor Hugo story Les Misérables, a character named Valjean steals a loaf of bread to feed a starving child. How would psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg describe this act?
A) Kohlberg would not be surprised because he saw humans as morally corrupt.
B) Kohlberg would argue that the act of theft is not in and of itself immoral, depending on the rationale for the theft.
C) Kohlberg would have expected the theft if the child were Valjean's but not if the child belonged to someone else.
D) Kohlberg would have expected the theft but only if Valjean were operating at the lowest level of moral reasoning.

Accepted Answer

Lawrence Kohlberg developed a theory on the stages of moral reasoning, which suggests that people progress through six stages of moral development. At the lowest level, individuals are motivated by punishment or reward and follow rules to avoid trouble or gain approval. At higher levels, individuals consider the views of others and engage in moral reasoning based on principles, such as justice or rights. In the case of Valjean stealing the bread to feed a starving child, Kohlberg would argue that the act could be seen as moral if it was based on a higher level of moral reasoning, such as caring for others, rather than just following or breaking rules. Therefore, the best answer is B.

Question 13

A person in the first stage of preconventional moral reasoning relies heavily on ____ when making a moral judgment.
A) adherence to laws
B) adherence to a personal moral code
C) obedience to authority
D) random guessing

Accepted Answer

A person in the first stage of preconventional moral reasoning relies heavily on obedience to authority when making a moral judgment. They obey rules and regulations to avoid punishment, and they view authority figures as the ultimate source of decision-making power. Adherence to laws (A) would fall under this category, but adherence to a personal moral code (B) would not yet be developed at this stage. Random guessing (D) is not a characteristic of preconventional moral reasoning.

Question 14

Kohlberg used the label ____ when referring to the first level of moral reasoning.
A) preoperational
B) prepositional
C) preconventional
D) prepubertal

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg referred to the first level of moral reasoning as preconventional, which is characterized by a focus on one's own interests and following rules to avoid punishment. The other choices are not relevant to Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Question 15

According to Kohlberg's original theory, there are ____ levels of moral reasoning, each containing ____ stages.
A) two; two
B) three; two
C) two; three
D) three; three

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Kohlberg's original theory, there are...

Question 16

During an ad hominem argument, you must
A) attack the person with whom you are arguing.
B) win the argument.
C) rely on factual data.
D) employ a social contract.

Accepted Answer

During an ad hominem argument, you attack the person you are arguing with, rather than addressing their argument. This is a logical fallacy and an invalid form of argumentation.

Question 17

As a typical young teen, Maurice would be best at detecting _____ flaws in arguments.
A) ad hominem
B) ad populum
C) ad libitum
D) ad ignorantian

Accepted Answer

The answer of As a typical young teen, Maurice would...

Question 18

The basic premise of ad populum arguments is that
A) most people are stupid.
B) attack the messenger, not the message.
C) the lone voice will carry the day.
D) if most people believe it, it must be correct.

Accepted Answer

Ad populum arguments appeal to the belief that if most people believe something, it must be true. However, this is a logical fallacy because popularity does not determine truth. Therefore, the best choice is D - if most people believe it, it must be correct.

Question 19

You and a friend argue over who is the best golfer in the world. Which of your responses would represent an ad hominem argument?
A) "Everyone knows that it is Tiger Woods."
B) "You just like Tiger Woods because you do not know how to golf."
C) "I think that the winner of the last big tournament is the best."
D) "I am right, you are wrong, end of story!"

Accepted Answer

Choice B attacks the person's character and ability to golf rather than addressing the argument itself. It is an ad hominem argument. The other choices do not attack the person making the argument.

Question 20

Preconventional moral reasoning is based on ____ forces.
A) internal
B) biological
C) innate
D) external

Accepted Answer

Preconventional moral reasoning is based on external forces, such as punishment and reward. This type of reasoning is typical in young children who are still learning societal norms and values. As they grow and develop, their moral reasoning shifts towards more internal and intrinsic motivations.

Quiz 8: Rites of Passage: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Which concept is best associated with increased content knowledge?

According to Kohlberg,

What would you predict would happen when Duke, a white supremacist teen, reads a scientific study indicating that Asians have higher IQs than whites?

Payton is 16 and his brother Eli is 10. When trying to pick the winner of the Super Bowl,

When considering the Heinz dilemma, Tony says that he would not steal the drug because his mommy told him that stealing was wrong, and people who steal get into trouble. This consideration indicates that Tony is most likely in Kohlberg's ____ stage of moral development.

When asked how she makes moral judgments, 15-year-old Eli says, "I do what my daddy says is right." This comment indicates that he is in the ____ level of moral thinking.

Moral reasoning based on instrumental orientation tends to occur at the ____ level of moral thinking.

What basic moral question underlies the Heinz dilemma?

What technique did Kohlberg use to assess moral thinking?

Heuristics tend to be very

The statement, "The center of the Earth must be made of pudding because no one has shown that it is not" represents a(n) _____ argument.

In the Victor Hugo story Les Misérables, a character named Valjean steals a loaf of bread to feed a starving child. How would psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg describe this act?

A person in the first stage of preconventional moral reasoning relies heavily on ____ when making a moral judgment.

Kohlberg used the label ____ when referring to the first level of moral reasoning.

According to Kohlberg's original theory, there are levels of moral reasoning, each containing stages.

During an ad hominem argument, you must

As a typical young teen, Maurice would be best at detecting _____ flaws in arguments.

The basic premise of ad populum arguments is that

You and a friend argue over who is the best golfer in the world. Which of your responses would represent an ad hominem argument?

Preconventional moral reasoning is based on ____ forces.