Question 1

Evidence supporting the Permanent Memory Hypothesis can be seen in:
A) cases of recovered memories
B) retrieval of information via hypnosis
C) studies involving the electrical stimulation of the brain
D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

The Permanent Memory Hypothesis suggests that memories are stored indefinitely in the brain and can be accessed under certain conditions. Evidence supporting this hypothesis can be seen in cases of recovered memories (A), where individuals recall previously inaccessible memories, often with the help of therapy; retrieval of information via hypnosis (B), where hypnosis is used to access deep-seated memories; and studies involving the electrical stimulation of the brain (C), which have shown that stimulating certain parts of the brain can evoke vivid recollections of past events.

Question 2

Penfield's work on the brain suggests that:
A) memories are stored in the same form as they originally occurred
B) memories are stored without specific details
C) memories of one's distant past can only be retrieved via electrical stimulation of the brain
D) electrically stimulating brain tissue causes memories stored in that tissue to be destroyed

Accepted Answer

Penfield's work suggested that memories are stored in the same form as they originally occurred, also known as "engrams." He demonstrated this by electrically stimulating specific parts of the brain and triggering vivid memories in his patients that were stored with specific details.

Question 3

Memories retrieved via electrical stimulation of the brain are believed to provide unquestionable support for the Permanent Memory Hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

While electrical stimulation of the brain can trigger memories, it does not necessarily provide unquestionable support for the Permanent Memory Hypothesis. Some researchers argue that the memories retrieved through electrical stimulation may not represent true recall, but rather a form of mental fabrication or confabulation. Additionally, the accuracy of memories retrieved through electrical stimulation is still a topic of debate among neuroscientists.

Question 4

The inability to recall information from LTM means that the information to-be-recalled no longer exists in LTM.

Accepted Answer

The inability to recall information from LTM does not necessarily mean that the information no longer exists in LTM. It could be due to retrieval failure, which means the information still exists in LTM but cannot be accessed at the moment.

Question 5

Bahrick's research on very long term memories found that:
A) encoding failures can explain most long-term memory losses
B) recall rates were much higher than recognition rates
C) recognition rates were higher than recall rates
D) long-term memories over 25 years old are almost impossible to retrieve

Accepted Answer

Bahrick's research found that recognition rates were higher than recall rates for very long term memories, indicating that cues or hints can aid in the retrieval of information. He also found that memory decay was gradual rather than sudden, and that some information could still be recalled after over 50 years. Encoding failures may still play a role in long-term memory losses, but were not the focus of Bahrick's research. Option D is incorrect as Bahrick's research found that retrieval of memories over 25 years old was possible, although the rate of retrieval decreased with the age of the memories.

Question 6

Research on long-term memory loss tends to yield forgetting curves that are conceptually to the forgetting curves obtained by Ebbinghaus.
A) similar
B) different
C) different for early items, similar for later items
D) similar for early items, different for later items.

Accepted Answer

The statement says "Research on long-term memory loss tends to yield forgetting curves that are conceptually similar to the forgetting curves obtained by Ebbinghaus." This means that the forgetting curves for long-term memory loss are similar to Ebbinghaus' forgetting curves, indicating that the answer is A - similar.

Question 7

A person earning which of the following grades in a history course is likely to have the highest amount of recall of the course content years after finishing the course:
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Accepted Answer

Students who earn an A grade in a course generally demonstrate mastery of the material and have a deeper level of understanding and retention compared to those who earn lower grades. They are more likely to engage with the course content and spend more time studying and reviewing the material, which leads to better long-term recall.

Question 8

James is remembering his 10th birthday party, when he spilled milk all over his younger sister's head. The memory of this event was most likely retrieved from which memory system?
A) semantic
B) procedural
C) episodic
D) implicit

Accepted Answer

The memory of James spilling milk on his younger sister's head during his 10th birthday party is a personal event that he experienced and can recall as a part of his life story. Therefore, it is most likely retrieved from his long-term episodic memory system. Semantic memory refers to general knowledge about the world, procedural memory involves skill-based tasks, and implicit memory involves automatic actions and habits.

Question 9

Joanne looks at a four-legged creature scurrying across her basement floor and recognizes it as a mouse. This decision was most likely made from information retrieved from which memory system?
A) semantic
B) procedural
C) episodic
D) implicit

Accepted Answer

Identifying a mouse is most likely based on semantic memory, which is the general knowledge about the world and its concepts. It involves the recognition of previously learned information about objects, such as their appearance, name, and use. Procedural memory is responsible for the acquisition and retention of skills, such as riding a bike, and is not relevant to recognizing a mouse. Episodic memory is the ability to recall specific events or personal experiences, and it is not necessary to identify a mouse. Implicit memory refers to unconscious memory processes, and it is unlikely to play a role in consciously identifying a mouse.

Question 10

Information regarding the specific behavioral patterns of French Poodles is likely to be found:
A) in episodic memory
B) at a subordinate level of semantic memory
C) at a superordinate level of semantic memory
D) in procedural memory

Accepted Answer

Specific behavioral patterns of French Poodles would likely be stored in semantic memory, which contains general knowledge about concepts and categories. Such information would be at a subordinate level of semantic memory, as it would be specific to a certain breed of dog. Episodic memory is for personal experiences and events, while procedural memory is for skills and habits.

Question 11

If a typical person is told to "Name a type of bird," which of the following responses would be most likely to take the longest amount of time to be generated?
A) Robin
B) Pigeon
C) Penguin
D) all would have equal response latencies

Accepted Answer

Both Robin and Pigeon are commonly encountered birds in urban and suburban environments, so they are likely to come to mind quickly for most people. On the other hand, penguins are less common in day-to-day life for many people, leading to greater response latency.

Question 12

When retrieving the concept CAR, the concept SPEEDING TICKET is also retrieved. What is the name of the concept that most directly explains why these 2 ideas are recalled together?
A) priming
B) the fan effect
C) spreading of activation
D) procedural memory

Accepted Answer

The spreading of activation refers to the process in which activation of one concept in long-term memory leads to the activation of related concepts. In this case, the concept of CAR may activate related concepts such as driving, traffic violations, and SPEEDING TICKET, leading to their retrieval as well.

Question 13

Adam is trying to remember information for his psychology exam, but similar information that he studied in sociology is also being retrieved, interfering with his thinking process. This interference is most similar to:
A) priming
B) the fan effect
C) spreading of activation
D) procedural memory

Accepted Answer

The fan effect refers to the phenomenon where an increase in the amount of learned information about a concept or a stimulus leads to an increase in the time required to retrieve specific information about that concept. In Adam's case, the similar information from sociology that is being retrieved is causing interference with his psychology exam material, which aligns with the fan effect's description of increased difficulty in retrieving specific information due to the presence of additional, related information.

Question 14

Ever since his car accident, Joe has difficulty remembering what his friends do for a living, although he can remember their names. This dysfunction is evidence for:
A) the modularity of episodic memory
B) the modularity of semantic memory
C) the formation of an implicit memory
D) the validity of spreading of activation

Accepted Answer

Joe's difficulty in remembering what his friends do for a living suggests that he is experiencing a problem with his semantic memory, which is responsible for stored knowledge about concepts, including information about objects, people, and their properties. The fact that he can still remember their names suggests that his episodic memory, which enables us to remember specific events and experiences, is not affected. This supports the theory of modularity of semantic memory, which suggests that different types of semantic memory are stored in separate modules within the brain.

Question 15

An early, but ultimately incorrect, approach to understanding the biology of memory was:
A) the modularity approach
B) long-term potentiation
C) the formation of memory molecules
D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

The concept of "memory molecules" represents an early, but ultimately incorrect, approach to understanding the biology of memory. This idea suggested that specific molecules were responsible for storing memories, a notion that has been disproven by further research in favor of more complex neural processes and structures.

Question 16

An analogous type of spreading of activation that characterizes semantic networks is a central assumption of:
A) long-term potentiation
B) memory molecules
C) semantic modularity
D) electrical stimulation of the brain

Accepted Answer

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a process in which the strength of synaptic connections between neurons is increased. This process is thought to be the cellular basis of learning and memory. LTP is characterized by a spreading of activation across a neural network, similar to the activation spreading that occurs in semantic networks. Therefore, the spreading of activation that characterizes semantic networks is a central assumption of long-term potentiation.

Question 17

Memory Consolidation only occurs at a psychological, as opposed to a neural, level within humans.

Accepted Answer

Memory consolidation occurs at both psychological and neural levels in humans. Neural consolidation involves the process of stabilizing and reorganizing memories in the brain, while psychological consolidation involves the integration of new memories with existing knowledge and experiences. Both processes are necessary for effective memory storage and retrieval.

Question 18

As Melanie sits in class paying attention to the new material being presented by her professor, this information, in its unconsolidated state, is likely being processed in which storage system?
A) sensory memory
B) short-term memory
C) long-term memory
D) implicit memory

Accepted Answer

The unconsolidated information being presented by the professor is likely being processed in short-term memory. Short-term memory is responsible for temporarily holding and processing information for a brief period of time. This allows individuals to actively process and manipulate information in their minds before either discarding it or transferring it to long-term memory.

Question 19

The material that Caitlin studied for an upcoming Biology exam would most likely be consolidated into long-term memory:
A) 15 minutes following her study period
B) 3 months following her study period
C) as she is studying it
D) 10 hours following her initial study period

Accepted Answer

Consolidation is the process by which information is transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory. This process takes time and research suggests that it can take hours to days for information to be consolidated into long-term memory. Option B, 3 months following the study period, is the most appropriate choice as it allows enough time for the consolidation process to occur.

Question 20

The impact that testing effects have on the recall of episodic information is illustrated by the notion of:
A) distinctiveness
B) encoding specificity
C) hypermnesia
D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

Hypermnesia refers to the improvement in recall performance over successive retrieval attempts, illustrating the impact of testing effects on the recall of episodic information.

Quiz 10: Storage and Retrieval

Evidence supporting the Permanent Memory Hypothesis can be seen in:

Penfield's work on the brain suggests that:

Memories retrieved via electrical stimulation of the brain are believed to provide unquestionable support for the Permanent Memory Hypothesis.

The inability to recall information from LTM means that the information to-be-recalled no longer exists in LTM.

Bahrick's research on very long term memories found that:

Research on long-term memory loss tends to yield forgetting curves that are conceptually to the forgetting curves obtained by Ebbinghaus.

A person earning which of the following grades in a history course is likely to have the highest amount of recall of the course content years after finishing the course:

James is remembering his 10th birthday party, when he spilled milk all over his younger sister's head. The memory of this event was most likely retrieved from which memory system?

Joanne looks at a four-legged creature scurrying across her basement floor and recognizes it as a mouse. This decision was most likely made from information retrieved from which memory system?

Information regarding the specific behavioral patterns of French Poodles is likely to be found:

If a typical person is told to "Name a type of bird," which of the following responses would be most likely to take the longest amount of time to be generated?

When retrieving the concept CAR, the concept SPEEDING TICKET is also retrieved. What is the name of the concept that most directly explains why these 2 ideas are recalled together?

Adam is trying to remember information for his psychology exam, but similar information that he studied in sociology is also being retrieved, interfering with his thinking process. This interference is most similar to:

Ever since his car accident, Joe has difficulty remembering what his friends do for a living, although he can remember their names. This dysfunction is evidence for:

An early, but ultimately incorrect, approach to understanding the biology of memory was:

An analogous type of spreading of activation that characterizes semantic networks is a central assumption of:

Memory Consolidation only occurs at a psychological, as opposed to a neural, level within humans.

As Melanie sits in class paying attention to the new material being presented by her professor, this information, in its unconsolidated state, is likely being processed in which storage system?

The material that Caitlin studied for an upcoming Biology exam would most likely be consolidated into long-term memory:

The impact that testing effects have on the recall of episodic information is illustrated by the notion of: