Question 1

In action research, data is only gathered after action has been taken to monitor the results.

Accepted Answer

In action research, data is gathered both before and after action is taken to understand the situation, plan actions, monitor the results, and evaluate the outcomes.

Question 2

OD efforts are limited because of limited information available to guide change.

Accepted Answer

OD (Organizational Development) efforts can be limited by the availability of information, as insufficient data can hinder the ability to effectively plan and implement changes.

Question 3

The general model of planned change describes the way OD efforts always proceed.

Accepted Answer

The general model of planned change provides a basic framework for understanding the process of planned change, but it is not a rigid, step-by-step process that must be followed in all OD efforts. Different approaches and models may be more appropriate in some situations, and the implementation of planned change often involves a complex and iterative process of diagnosis, intervention, and evaluation.

Question 4

Change strategies are often modified on the basis of continued diagnosis.

Accepted Answer

Continued diagnosis and evaluation of the effectiveness of change strategies is an important process in achieving successful outcomes. Based on the results of the diagnosis, modifications can be made to the strategies to improve their effectiveness.

Question 5

Which theory of planned change serves as the foundation for appreciative inquiry (AI)?
A) Lewin's Change Model
B) Action Research Model
C) The Positive Model
D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

Appreciative inquiry (AI) is based on the Positive Model, which emphasizes optimistic and affirmative actions to achieve change rather than focusing on identifying and correcting problems (which is the approach of Lewin's Change Model and Action Research Model). Therefore, the correct answer is C (The Positive Model).

Question 6

The three sequential steps in Lewin's change model are
A) freezing, movement, changing
B) unfreezing, movement, refreezing
C) unfreezing, refraining, refreezing
D) changing, movement, freezing

Accepted Answer

Lewin's change model consists of three sequential steps: unfreezing (preparing the organization for change), movement (implementing the change), and refreezing (reinforcing the change to make it permanent). Choices A, C, and D do not accurately represent Lewin's change model.

Question 7

To be a successful in international settings, the OD practitioner must
A) educate client on their own cultural biases
B) follow the same general model of planned change as in domestic settings
C) adapt the action research process to fit the cultural context
D) provide feedback once process is complete

Accepted Answer

Adapting the action research process to fit the cultural context is crucial for OD practitioners to be effective in international settings, as cultural differences can significantly impact the success of interventions.

Question 8

The Action Research Model focuses on
A) planned change as a cyclical process
B) heavy diagnosis after acting, planning, and implementation
C) reporting new data from previous research
D) reducing the process of psychological disconfirmation

Accepted Answer

The Action Research Model is a cyclical process of planning, acting, observing, and reflecting to achieve planned change. It emphasizes a collaborative approach to problem-solving and continuous improvement, making it an effective tool for organizational development and innovation. B, C, and D are not accurate descriptions of the Action Research Model.

Question 9

The relationship between planned change and organizational performance and effectiveness is well understood.

Accepted Answer

The relationship between planned change and organizational performance and effectiveness is complex and not fully understood, as it involves numerous variables and the outcomes can vary significantly depending on the context, implementation process, and other factors.

Question 10

Which activity is not part of the general model of planned change?
A) interviews and action planning
B) entering and contracting
C) diagnosis
D) planning and implementing

Accepted Answer

Interviews and action planning are part of the general model of planned change. The other options, entering and contracting, diagnosis, and planning and implementing, are also part of the general model of planned change.

Question 11

The identification phase of action research is designed to identify people who should assist in setting the direction of the organization.

Accepted Answer

The identification phase of action research is primarily focused on recognizing the problem or area of focus for the research, not specifically identifying people to assist in setting the organization's direction.

Question 12

The same steps in the action research model should be applied regardless of whether the organization is under- organized or over-organized.

Accepted Answer

The action research model is adaptable and should be tailored to the specific needs and organizational structure of the entity in question. Under-organized and over-organized entities have different challenges and needs, requiring different approaches and steps in the action research process.

Question 13

Two adaptations of action research are increased participant involvement and a greater appreciative approach to
OD.

Accepted Answer

Action research can be adapted in various ways, and two such adaptations are increased participant involvement and a greater appreciative approach to organization development (OD). Increased participant involvement means involving stakeholders in every stage of the research process, starting from problem identification to action planning and implementation. This enhances the chances of successful outcomes as stakeholders feel more invested in the process and take ownership of the results. A greater appreciative approach to OD means focusing on what is working well instead of getting bogged down by problems and limitations. This approach helps build on positive aspects and strengths of the organization, leading to a more positive and productive work environment.

Question 14

When an action researcher is dealing with an organization that is under organized, the steps in the change process are
A) identification, feedback, action, evaluation
B) definition, convention, action, evaluation
C) identification, convention, organization, evaluation
D) identification, action, convention, evaluation

Accepted Answer

In an under-organized setting, the steps in the change process typically involve identification (recognizing the issue or area needing change), convention (establishing norms or agreements on how to proceed), organization (structuring the approach and resources for change), and evaluation (assessing the outcomes of the change efforts). This sequence helps in systematically addressing the lack of organization.

Question 15

Contemporary applications of action research emphasize
A) data gathering and analysis
B) consultation with a behavioral scientist
C) an increased degree of member involvement
D) problem(s) identification

Accepted Answer

An increased degree of member involvement is a contemporary application of action research.

Question 16

Diagnostic models for analyzing problems explore activities at the organization level, group level, and individual level.

Accepted Answer

Diagnostic models typically involve analyzing activities at multiple levels, including the organizational level, group level, and individual level.

Question 17

According to Lewin, the best way to manage change is to increase the forces for change.

Accepted Answer

According to Lewin, the best way to manage change is through unfreezing the current state, moving to a new state, and then refreezing to stabilize the change. This involves reducing forces maintaining the status quo, rather than just increasing the forces for change.

Question 18

In under-organized organizations, the consultant attempts to "tighten up" the governance system.

Accepted Answer

In under-organized organizations, the consultant's role is to help establish and improve organizational structure and governance systems to increase efficiency and effectiveness. Therefore, the consultant will work to "tighten up" the governance system.

Question 19

What is "planned change" as compared with other types of change?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is "planned change" as compared with...

Question 20

In Lewin's model of change, change is brought about by:
A) ensuring equilibrium
B) increasing forces for change
C) providing laboratory training
D) Reinforcing organizational culture

Accepted Answer

According to Lewin's model of change, change is brought about by increasing the forces for change, which could be achieved by reducing restraining forces or increasing driving forces. Thus, option B is the best choice. Option A is incorrect as Lewin suggests that change results from a state of disequilibrium, not equilibrium. Option C is not related to Lewin's model of change. Option D could hinder change as it reinforces the status quo, so it is also incorrect.

Quiz 2: The Nature of Planned Change

In action research, data is only gathered after action has been taken to monitor the results.

OD efforts are limited because of limited information available to guide change.

The general model of planned change describes the way OD efforts always proceed.

Change strategies are often modified on the basis of continued diagnosis.

Which theory of planned change serves as the foundation for appreciative inquiry (AI) ?

The three sequential steps in Lewin's change model are

To be a successful in international settings, the OD practitioner must

The Action Research Model focuses on

The relationship between planned change and organizational performance and effectiveness is well understood.

Which activity is not part of the general model of planned change?

The identification phase of action research is designed to identify people who should assist in setting the direction of the organization.

The same steps in the action research model should be applied regardless of whether the organization is under- organized or over-organized.

Two adaptations of action research are increased participant involvement and a greater appreciative approach to OD.

When an action researcher is dealing with an organization that is under organized, the steps in the change process are

Contemporary applications of action research emphasize

Diagnostic models for analyzing problems explore activities at the organization level, group level, and individual level.

According to Lewin, the best way to manage change is to increase the forces for change.

In under-organized organizations, the consultant attempts to "tighten up" the governance system.

What is "planned change" as compared with other types of change?

In Lewin's model of change, change is brought about by: