Question 1

What can factual argumentation be used to accomplish?
A)Interpret existing knowledge.
B)Advance value and policy arguments.
C)Inquire as to what is rational to believe about a topic.
D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Factual argumentation can be used for all of the listed purposes: interpreting existing knowledge, advancing value and policy arguments, and inquiring as to what is rational to believe about a topic.

Question 2

In factual argumentation, we can seek knowledge by treating the proposition as a hypothesis to be tested. Which of the following steps would NOT be part of your hypothesis testing?
A)Decide what question or problem involving fact may be found in the factual proposition.
B)Formulate a primary inference on the subject by defining terms or clarifying what the question or problem asks you to answer or solve.
C)Demonstrate the disparity of not accepting your interpretation of facts.
D)Discover those issues and their supporting arguments that deny the primary inference is probably true.

Accepted Answer

Demonstrating the disparity of not accepting your interpretation of facts is not a step in hypothesis testing. It is more related to persuading someone to accept your interpretation or argument rather than testing its validity.

Question 3

As an advocate developing a prima facie case for your proposition of fact, you must develop arguments of significance to support your main points. Significance often is a way of focusing on this element of the analysis of propositions. What is it that draws our attention to a subject or controversy and are often what gives it significance?
A)The immediate cause.
B)The stock issues.
C)The historical background.
D)The primary inference.

Accepted Answer

The immediate cause often draws attention to a subject or controversy, giving it significance by highlighting why the issue is relevant or urgent at the present time.

Question 4

In developing arguments to advocate and oppose a proposition of fact, how should you use the stock issues for analyzing factual propositions?
A)To develop the primary inference for your proposition of fact.
B)To decide what main points (contentions) to use in developing your proposition of fact.
C)To create an explanation of the appropriate hierarchy of fact in which you want your audience to locate your interpretation of fact.
D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of In developing arguments to advocate and oppose...

Question 5

What purpose do the stock issues for factual argumentation serve?
A)To verify the relationship between the subject and predicate of the proposition through appropriate reasoning patterns.
B)To discover whether information confirms or denies the inferred relationship between the subject and predicate of the proposition.
C)To argue the probable truth or falsity of the primary inference.
D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Stock issues serve multiple purposes in factual argumentation, including verifying the relationship between the subject and predicate of the proposition through appropriate reasoning patterns (A), discovering whether information confirms or deniers the inferred relationship between the subject and predicate of the proposition (B), and arguing the probable truth or falsity of the primary inference (C). Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

Question 6

In preparing a prima facie case for factual argumentation, the advocate must
A)state appropriate criteria to be used in judging the probable truth of the inference.
B)consider what the audience presently values.
C)consider what proof the audience needs to convince them of the probable truth of the primary inference.
D)state whether simple or complex arguments are being offered.

Accepted Answer

The advocate must consider what proof the audience needs to convince them of the probable truth of the primary inference.

Question 7

As an advocate for a proposition of fact, you may use presumption as a way of identifying common practices and experiences that relate to your subject. What other use might you make of presumption?
A)Presumption may be used as a method for analyzing your audience to discover what sources of information and what kinds of reasoning the audience will find most credible for arguments on this subject.
B)Presumption may be used to discover the issues and their supporting arguments that will encourage the audience to accept that the primary inference for your proposition of fact is probably true.
C)Presumption may be used to locate an immediate cause that signifies something important about the topic.
D)Presumption may be used to determine what objections the opposition may raise so that you can develop preemptive arguments.

Accepted Answer

Presumption can be used to analyze your audience and discover what sources of information and what kinds of reasoning the audience will find most credible for arguments on this subject.

Question 8

In factual argumentation, arguments about focus on units of argument that call the audience's attention to why the consequences of what has happened, is happening, or will happen are important.
A)effect
B)inherency
C)significance
D)extenuation

Accepted Answer

Significance arguments focus on why the consequences of the issue or situation being discussed are important. These arguments aim to convince the audience that the issue at hand is not only relevant but also significant enough to merit attention and action.

Question 9

In advocating the proposition "equipping cars with anti-lock brakes does not reduce accidents," an argument claiming "drivers with ABS-equipped cars drive faster and follow closer than drivers without ABS" would constitute
A)an effect argument.
B)an inherency argument.
C)a significance argument.
D)a pre-emptive argument.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In advocating the proposition "equipping cars with...

Question 10

In arguing factual propositions, arguments concerning inherency
A)need not be made.
B)can only be presented concerning propositions of past fact.
C)address why the primary inference about the proposition is the case.
D)are replaced by the use of preemptive arguments.

Accepted Answer

Inherency arguments are made to address why the primary inference about the factual proposition is the case. They are important in establishing the validity and soundness of the argument. Therefore, they cannot be replaced by preemptive arguments. They can also be made for propositions of present and future fact, not just past facts. Therefore, the best choice is C.

Question 11

In opposing the proposition "equipping cars with anti-lock brakes does not reduce accidents," an argument stating "teaching drivers to use anti-lock brakes properly, by applying them forcefully won't prevent them from overdriving the conditions" would be
A)an effect argument.
B)an inherency argument.
C)a significance argument.
D)a pre-emptive argument.

Accepted Answer

The argument is an effect argument because it claims that even with anti-lock brakes, accidents won't be reduced if drivers don't know how to use them properly. It's arguing that the intended effect (reduction in accidents) won't be achieved because of a potential problem with implementation.

Question 12

The opponents first strategic decision is to
A)determine whether to accept the advocate's primary inference as topical.
B)decide how to employ presumption to refute the advocate's case.
C)determine whether to use strategies of denial and extenuation to dispute the advocate's case.
D)decide how to deal with any preemptive arguments the advocate has offered.

Accepted Answer

The opponents should first determine whether the advocate's primary inference is topical or not. This will help them decide whether to accept or challenge the advocate's position. If the primary inference is not topical, the opponents can challenge the argument's validity and credibility. However, if the primary inference is topical, the opponents need to focus on challenging the evidence and reasoning presented by the advocate.

Question 13

In preparing to oppose a factual proposition, the opponent's first task is to
A)decide how many extenuation arguments to use.
B)examine the criteria the advocate used to evaluate the topic.
C)provide his own definition of terms.
D)examine the inference made by the advocate in her interpretation of the proposition.

Accepted Answer

The opponent's first task is to examine the inference made by the advocate in her interpretation of the proposition. This is because the inference is the key to the advocate's argument, and if the opponent can show that the inference is invalid, then the advocate's argument will fail.

Question 14

In factual argumentation, presumption
A)resides with the advocate and is natural when the proposition is treated as a hypothesis to be tested when we use argumentation to seek knowledge.
B)resides with the opponent and is natural when the proposition is treated as a hypothesis to be tested when we use argumentation to seek knowledge.
C)resides with the advocate abd is artificial when the proposition is treated as a hypothesis to be tested when we use argumentation to seek knowledge.
D)resides with the opponent and is artificial when the proposition is treated as a hypothesis to be tested when we use argumentation to seek knowledge.

Accepted Answer

Presumption resides with the opponent and is artificial when the proposition is treated as a hypothesis to be tested in factual argumentation.

Question 15

In arguing propositions of fact, as an opponent you have two strategies for responding to the advocate's arguments, denial and extenuation. What must you examine to decide whether strategies of denial and extenuation will be appropriate for refuting the advocate's arguments?
A)How the advocate uses presumption.
B)How the advocate defined terms.
C)How the advocate's placement of arguments of effect, significance, and inherency organized the message.
D)How the advocate's arguments satisfy the requirements of the stock issues of factual argumentation.

Accepted Answer

To decide whether strategies of denial and extenuation will be appropriate for refuting the advocate's arguments, you must examine how the advocate's arguments satisfy the requirements of the stock issues of factual argumentation. The stock issues are the basic elements of any argument and include 1) definition, 2) fact, 3) value, 4) policy, and 5) relevance. By examining how the advocate's arguments satisfy these requirements, you can determine whether denial (disagreeing with the advocate's claims) or extenuation (acknowledging the advocate's claims but showing they are insufficient or irrelevant) will be the more effective strategy.

Question 16

In opposing an argument made by the advocate, you have decided to use a strategy of denial. You may NOT employ the strategy of denial in which of the following circumstances?
A)The advocate has offered a preemptive argument and you will explain why the preemptive argument is an accurate denial from your perspective on the proposition.
B)The advocate has overlooked certain important facts which you will provide along with an explanation of the significance of their having been overlooked.
C)The advocate has given undue significance to certain facts and you will explain why these facts lack significance.
D)The advocate has drawn unwarranted conclusions from her proof and you will provide the proper conclusion.

Accepted Answer

The strategy of denial cannot be employed when the advocate has offered a preemptive argument because denying an argument that seeks to prevent an anticipated objection would be unproductive. Instead, one should address the preemptive argument directly and either concede or counter it.

Question 17

In opposing an argument made by the advocate, you argue that the advocate has misanalyzed the situation and that the analysis you provide is the proper one. You are using the strategy of opposition know as
A)using the benefit of presumption.
B)denial.
C)extenuation.
D)responding preemptively.

Accepted Answer

Denial is the strategy of countering an argument by denying its validity or showing that the argument is based on incorrect assumptions or analysis. This is exactly what is described in the scenario given, where the opposing argument aims to demonstrate that the advocate's analysis is flawed and present a more accurate analysis of the situation. The other options, such as using the benefit of presumption or responding preemptively, do not accurately describe the strategy being used in this case.

Question 18

arguments focus on the circumstances surrounding the facts and are used by the opponent to suggests that the advocate has a limited understanding of these circumstances.
A)Extenuation
B)Denial
C)Pre-emptive
D)Kitchen sink

Accepted Answer

Extenuation arguments are used to suggest that the advocate is not taking into account all the relevant circumstances, and therefore their argument is flawed. This can be an effective tactic for opponents if they can demonstrate that the advocate is overlooking important information.

Question 19

In using extenuation arguments to refute the advocate's case, the opponent argues
A)that the relationship inferred by the advocate is based on a limited understanding of the circumstances.
B)that a more complete understanding of the circumstances leads to a different inference.
C)that unusual circumstances warrant a conclusion of than the one normally drawn when these facts are present.
D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Extenuation arguments are used to challenge an advocate's argument by presenting circumstances that could lead to a different inference than the one presented by the advocate. These circumstances may include limited understanding, a more complete understanding, or unusual circumstances. Therefore, all of the options listed are valid ways to use extenuation arguments.

Question 20

The opponents final strategic decision is to
A)determine whether to accept the advocate's primary inference as topical.
B)decide how to employ presumption to refute the advocate's case.
C)determine whether to use strategies of denial and extenuation to dispute the advocate's case.
D)decide how to deal with any preemptive arguments the advocate has offered.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The opponents final strategic decision is to
A)determine...

Quiz 9: How Are Factual Propositions Argued

What can factual argumentation be used to accomplish?

In factual argumentation, we can seek knowledge by treating the proposition as a hypothesis to be tested. Which of the following steps would NOT be part of your hypothesis testing?

In developing arguments to advocate and oppose a proposition of fact, how should you use the stock issues for analyzing factual propositions?

What purpose do the stock issues for factual argumentation serve?

In preparing a prima facie case for factual argumentation, the advocate must

As an advocate for a proposition of fact, you may use presumption as a way of identifying common practices and experiences that relate to your subject. What other use might you make of presumption?

In factual argumentation, arguments about focus on units of argument that call the audience's attention to why the consequences of what has happened, is happening, or will happen are important.

In advocating the proposition "equipping cars with anti-lock brakes does not reduce accidents," an argument claiming "drivers with ABS-equipped cars drive faster and follow closer than drivers without ABS" would constitute

In arguing factual propositions, arguments concerning inherency

In opposing the proposition "equipping cars with anti-lock brakes does not reduce accidents," an argument stating "teaching drivers to use anti-lock brakes properly, by applying them forcefully won't prevent them from overdriving the conditions" would be

The opponents first strategic decision is to

In preparing to oppose a factual proposition, the opponent's first task is to

In factual argumentation, presumption

In arguing propositions of fact, as an opponent you have two strategies for responding to the advocate's arguments, denial and extenuation. What must you examine to decide whether strategies of denial and extenuation will be appropriate for refuting the advocate's arguments?

In opposing an argument made by the advocate, you have decided to use a strategy of denial. You may NOT employ the strategy of denial in which of the following circumstances?

In opposing an argument made by the advocate, you argue that the advocate has misanalyzed the situation and that the analysis you provide is the proper one. You are using the strategy of opposition know as

arguments focus on the circumstances surrounding the facts and are used by the opponent to suggests that the advocate has a limited understanding of these circumstances.

In using extenuation arguments to refute the advocate's case, the opponent argues

The opponents final strategic decision is to