Question 1

The discussion of the relationship between human biological and socio-cultural nature in Chapter 4 is closest to which position:
A) anatomy is destiny
B) individuals are blank slates
C) biological predispositions make some things easier to learn than others
D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

The discussion in Chapter 4 suggests that while humans have certain biological predispositions, such as the ability to learn language and emotion regulation, culture also plays a significant role in shaping human behavior and development. Therefore, while biology may provide certain inclinations, cultural and social factors also play a significant role.

Question 2

According to Chapter 4, obesity can best be understood as:
A) a product of the fast food industry
B) an indicator that poor people do not have the self-discipline to eat healthy foods
C) an indictor of Durkheim's anomie
D) an evolutionary mismatch.

Accepted Answer

Chapter 4 discusses the idea that obesity is a result of an evolutionary mismatch between our biology and our modern environment. Our bodies evolved to be efficient at storing energy in times of scarcity, but now we live in a world where food is abundant and easily accessible. This leads to an overconsumption of calories, which can result in obesity. The chapter does not support the ideas that obesity is solely the product of the fast food industry or that it is an indicator of poor self-discipline or anomie.

Question 3

What does the following metaphor from a game of poker mean in terms of the discussion in Chapter 4? "The cards we are dealt place certain limits on what we can do. If we hope to do well, we had better look at the cards. We can win at poker with any hand, but winning is unlikely to happen without looking at the cards."
A) humans are biologically determined
B) strategies allow us to create whatever social world we want
C) if we face our biological constraints we have more choice in how to deal with them socially
D) none of the above.

Accepted Answer

The metaphor compares the cards in a game of poker to the constraints placed upon individuals by biological factors. Just as in poker, these constraints limit what individuals can do, but looking at the cards (facing our biological constraints) allows us to make strategic choices and potentially win the game. Therefore, the metaphor supports the idea that while biology places limits on individuals, it is possible to overcome these limits through social strategies. Option A (humans are biologically determined) is too narrow and does not capture the nuance of the metaphor, and Option B (strategies allow us to create whatever social world we want) is too broad and does not adequately address the role of biology in shaping individual experiences.

Question 4

Which of Bowlby's four stages of attachment did Ainsworth claim was the time in which her three forms of attachment were formed?
A) pre-attachment
B) attachment in the making
C) clear-cut attachment
D) reciprocal relationship

Accepted Answer

Ainsworth claimed that her three forms of attachment (secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant/ambivalent) were formed during the clear-cut attachment stage, which occurs from approximately 6-18 months of age. During this stage, infants demonstrate separation anxiety when their primary caregiver leaves and seek comfort from that caregiver when they return.

Question 5

According to Thomas Kemper rooting for a sports team is:
A) a Freudian sublimation of sexual desires
B) corresponds to a capitalist mythological version of the Garden of Eden
C) a Marxian opiate of the masses
D) an example of Durkheimian anomie

Accepted Answer

Thomas Kemper suggests that rooting for a sports team corresponds to a capitalist mythological version of the Garden of Eden, where the sports arena becomes a utopian space of communal belonging and shared purpose, reflecting broader societal narratives and desires.

Question 6

When teachers divide students into groups of three in order to work together to solve a problem followed by a paper they write individually for homework this is an example of:
A) Pavlov's classical conditioning
B) Skinner's operant conditioning
C) Bandura's observational learning
D) Vygotsky's zone of proximal development learning
E) none of the above.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of Vygotsky's zone of proximal development learning because the teacher is creating a social and collaborative environment where students can work together to solve a problem and then individually apply what they have learned to complete a homework assignment. This approach is based on the idea that learning is best achieved through social interactions with more knowledgeable others, such as peers or a teacher.

Question 7

The layer of identity with which we are most concerned in sociology is
A) temperament
B) personality
C) self
D) character

Accepted Answer

The layer of identity with which we are most concerned in sociology is "self," which refers to the individual's conscious awareness and perception of their own identity, including their beliefs, values, and experiences. Sociology focuses on understanding how individuals develop their sense of self, how it is shaped by social structures and institutions, and how it influences their behavior and interactions with others.

Question 8

If a child is not encouraged to play "let's pretend", the ramifications for participation in groups later on is:
A) they will not be good at managing role conflicts
B) they will not be good at managing crisis situations
C) all of the above
D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

Pretend play is crucial for developing skills such as managing role conflicts and handling crisis situations, as it allows children to experiment with different roles, perspectives, and problem-solving strategies.

Question 9

In the play stage of the formation of the self children:
A) imagine only their own role
B) imagine the viewpoints of several others at the same time
C) imagine the shared or common perspective of all others
D) take the roles of others one at a time
E) none of the above

Accepted Answer

In the play stage, children take the roles of others one at a time. This involves imagining and pretending to be someone else, but they do not yet understand the shared perspective of all others or consider multiple viewpoints simultaneously.

Question 10

Intentionally walking into an elevator and facing the wall or waiting in line and deliberately standing too close to the next person in line are examples of:
A) moving from a mild problematic situation to a crisis
B) moving from a crises situation to a mild problematic situation
C) moving into an inter-role conflict
D) moving from a routine situation to a mild problematic situation

Accepted Answer

Intentionally walking into an elevator and facing the wall or deliberately standing too close to the next person in line are examples of minor violations of social norms, which may lead to a mild problematic situation. They are not serious enough to escalate into a crisis or inter-role conflict. Therefore, the best choice is D, moving from a routine situation to a mild problematic situation.

Question 11

When a group is in a routine situation, which of the nine dimensions of situations is operating in the minds of the participants?
A) what is happening?
B) why is it happening?
C) who is making it happen?
D) none of the above. In routine situations all the dimensions are part of the "group unconscious."

Accepted Answer

In routine situations, all the dimensions of situations, including what is happening, why it is happening, and who is making it happen, are operating in the background or "group unconscious." This means that these aspects are not actively questioned or considered because they are part of the established routine.

Question 12

The conditions most likely to produce a hyper-individualist self are:
A) living in a coastal city
B) being working class
C) being a woman
D) living on a farm

Accepted Answer

Living in a coastal city is associated with high levels of individualism and independence. Coastal cities are often diverse, cosmopolitan, and economically prosperous, which can lead people to prioritize their own interests and goals over collective ones. In contrast, living in rural areas or small towns may promote more community-oriented values and collectivist attitudes. Being working-class or a woman are not necessarily related to developing a hyper-individualist self.

Question 13

The social-psychological skill most needed for effective participation in social movements is:
A) learning to master problematic situations
B) learning to manage intra and inter-role conflict
C) time-place displacement
D) a, b, c
E) none of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of The social-psychological skill most needed for effective...

Question 14

In the United States most individuals have an "atomist" understanding of the relationship between the individual and society.

Accepted Answer

In general, individuals in the United States tend to have an "atomist" understanding of the relationship between the individual and society, meaning that they prioritize individualism and self-reliance over collective values and group well-being.

Question 15

Evolutionary psychology can explain why men are more promiscuous than women, but it cannot explain, from a bioevolutionary perspective, why men agree to enter into monogamous marriages.

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary psychology suggests that men are more promiscuous than women due to their reproductive strategy of maximizing their chances of passing on their genes. However, it does not provide a bioevolutionary explanation for why men agree to monogamous marriages, which goes against their natural inclination for promiscuity.

Question 16

Learning designed play of organized games is likely to be supported by authoritarian parenting more than permissive parenting.

Accepted Answer

Authoritarian parenting is characterized by high demands and strict rules, which may provide structure and discipline necessary for children to engage in organized games and follow their rules. Permissive parenting, on the other hand, is characterized by low demands and little monitoring, which may not provide enough guidance and expectations for children to engage in organized games successfully.

Question 17

A child has a biographical identity from birth.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A child has a biographical identity from...

Question 18

Unlike focused occasions, diffused occasions do not require playing roles.

Accepted Answer

Diffused occasions often involve playing roles as well, but these roles are more varied and less strictly defined compared to focused occasions.

Question 19

Without the socialization of the self that George Herbert Mead describes, it would not be possible for an individual to participate in either of Erving Goffman's focused or unfocused occasions?

Accepted Answer

According to Mead, socialization is the process by which individuals learn and internalize the social norms, values, and expectations of their culture. This internalization process allows individuals to understand and participate in social situations, including both focused and unfocused occasions as described by Goffman. Without this socialization process, individuals would not be equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge to engage in social situations. Therefore, Mead's socialization theory is a necessary precursor to Goffman's understandings of social encounters.

Question 20

The collectivist self is more likely to get along with strangers than the individualist self because for collectivists the group comes before the individual.

Accepted Answer

Collectivist cultures prioritize group cohesion and harmony, but this doesn't necessarily translate to being more likely to get along with strangers. In collectivist societies, strong distinctions are often made between in-group (family, close friends, and extended social networks) and out-group members (strangers), with trust and cooperation primarily reserved for in-group members.

Quiz 4: Building a Social Self: The Macro-Micro Link Part II Stateless Systems

The discussion of the relationship between human biological and socio-cultural nature in Chapter 4 is closest to which position:

According to Chapter 4, obesity can best be understood as:

Which of Bowlby's four stages of attachment did Ainsworth claim was the time in which her three forms of attachment were formed?

According to Thomas Kemper rooting for a sports team is:

When teachers divide students into groups of three in order to work together to solve a problem followed by a paper they write individually for homework this is an example of:

The layer of identity with which we are most concerned in sociology is

If a child is not encouraged to play "let's pretend", the ramifications for participation in groups later on is:

In the play stage of the formation of the self children:

Intentionally walking into an elevator and facing the wall or waiting in line and deliberately standing too close to the next person in line are examples of:

When a group is in a routine situation, which of the nine dimensions of situations is operating in the minds of the participants?

The conditions most likely to produce a hyper-individualist self are:

The social-psychological skill most needed for effective participation in social movements is: