Question 1

Participants were asked to write down the first thing that comes to mind when reading the following statement: "When I walk in my neighborhood, I always feel good about." This would be an example of what type of indirect measure?
A) a Thematic Apperception Test
B) a sentence completion task
C) supraliminal priming
D) a recognition measure

Accepted Answer

This is a sentence completion task as participants are completing the sentence "When I walk in my neighborhood, I always feel good about..." with their first thoughts.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT considered a "social cognition" methodology? (circle all that apply)
A) Thematic Apperception Test
B) the Stroop effect
C) recording eye-gaze
D) sequential priming

Accepted Answer

A,D

Question 3

Eye gaze would be considered an indirect/implicit measure of _____(a)_____; tests of the Stroop effect would be considered an indirect/implicit measure of _____(b)_____.
A) memory; attention
B) attention; memory
C) memory; memory
D) attention; attention

Accepted Answer

Eye gaze is often used as an indirect measure of attention because where a person looks can indicate what they are paying attention to. The Stroop effect, which involves measuring how long it takes for a person to name the color of the ink a word is printed in when the word itself is the name of a different color, is also considered an indirect measure of attention. It assesses the ability to maintain focus on relevant stimuli (the color of the ink) while ignoring irrelevant stimuli (the word itself).

Question 4

With _____(a)_____ tasks, the researcher is interested in the types of memory errors made by respondents; in _____(b)_____ tasks, the researcher is interested in the accuracy of respondents' memories.
A) recall; recall
B) recall; recognition
C) recognition; recall
D) recognition; recognition

Accepted Answer

The answer of With _____(a)_____ tasks, the researcher is interested...

Question 5

With false recognition tasks, research has revealed how some information gets encoded in memory. What are some of the possible effects that would be found in studies with a false recognition task? (circle all that apply)
A) participants are more likely to misremember the presence of certain personality traits in a target person if those traits are consistent with traits that were presented with the target person
B) participants tend to confuse male targets with other male targets in a discussion group when determining "who said what," and similarly confuse Black male targets with other Black male targets more so than with other White male targets in the same group
C) when asked to recite a list of remembered words, words that were positioned at the beginning and end of the list are more likely to be remembered
D) the processing speed of remembering stereotype-consistent information is faster than remembering stereotype-inconsistent information

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that in false recognition tasks, participants are more likely to misremember information that is consistent with what was presented to them. This means that in task A, participants are more likely to misremember the presence of certain personality traits in a target person if those traits are consistent with the traits that were presented with the target person. In task B, participants are more likely to confuse male targets with other male targets, and Black male targets with other Black male targets, indicating that identity characteristics can also impact false recognition. However, the effects mentioned in options C and D are not related to false recognition tasks.

Question 6

To manipulate participants' feelings of uncertainty (or certainty), researchers had participants write about a time when they felt very uncertain (certain) about their self, their relationship, or their future. This would be an example of:
A) subliminal priming
B) sequential priming
C) supraliminal priming
D) a cued recall task

Accepted Answer

This is an example of supraliminal priming, as participants are consciously asked to recall and write about their feelings of certainty or uncertainty. Subliminal priming occurs when stimuli are presented below the threshold of conscious awareness, sequential priming involves presenting two stimuli in quick succession, and a cued recall task involves providing a cue to prompt participants to recall a specific memory.

Question 7

Why is it that we can use response latency as an implicit measurement of a participant's internal states? (circle all that apply)
A) people take longer to respond when they see something they do not like
B) it takes less time to respond when there are preexisting associations between stimuli in a participant's memory (i.e., the association is "automatic")
C) it takes more cognitive effort (and therefore a longer amount of time) to process information that seems contradictory or requires "thinking about it"
D) people respond faster when they do not have to be consciously aware of the stimuli that are presented to them

Accepted Answer

Response latency can be used as an implicit measurement of a participant's internal states because it takes less time to respond when there are preexisting associations between stimuli in a participant's memory (i.e., the association is "automatic"), and it takes more cognitive effort (and therefore a longer amount of time) to process information that seems contradictory or requires "thinking about it". Option A is not always true, and option D contradicts the idea of implicit measurement as it refers to conscious awareness.

Question 8

Which of the following types of measurements or tasks provide insight into the automaticity of certain associations in our memory?
A) fMRI imaging
B) sentence completion tasks
C) IAT studies
D) cognitive busyness studies

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following types of measurements...

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a social psychophysiological measurement of, or technique for measuring, affective or cognitive processes?
A) assessing the amount of oxygenated blood in certain areas of the brain
B) putting sensors on different parts of the face to detect tiny facial twitches
C) assessing the amount that a person is currently sweating
D) sending magnetic waves through specific parts of the brain
E) all of these are psychophysiological measurements or measurement techniques

Accepted Answer

All options (A through D) describe methods used in psychophysiology to measure affective or cognitive processes, indicating that E is correct as it states all of these are psychophysiological measurements or measurement techniques.

Question 10

Which of the following issues is NOT a criticism or limitation of psychophysiological assessments of internal states (e.g., attitudes, motivations)?
A) it is impossible to decipher whether physiological arousal is attributed to positive or negative internal states
B) there is not always a one-to-one exclusive correspondence between the seemingly active regions of the brain and cognitive processes that are expected to take place in those regions
C) the devices required for making these assessments are expensive, and require a lot of training to use
D) such a blatantly artificial environment makes the external validity of such studies questionable

Accepted Answer

The criticism that it is impossible to decipher whether physiological arousal is attributed to positive or negative internal states is not specific to psychophysiological assessments of internal states; rather, it is a general limitation of interpreting physiological arousal, which can be ambiguous without additional context.

Question 11

The "Stroop" Task is an example of:
A) a measure of retrieval
B) a measure of memory
C) a measure of perception
D) a measure of attention
E) none of the above

Accepted Answer

The Stroop Task is a measure of attention. It involves naming the color of the ink used to print a word, while ignoring the word's meaning. This task requires individuals to selectively attend to one aspect of a stimulus (color) while inhibiting the processing of another aspect (word meaning).

Question 12

If a participant's eye gaze is directed toward one particular stimulus rather than other stimuli involved in the study, this is likely an indicator of:
A) greater interest in the stimulus
B) social approval of the stimulus
C) a stimulus that is difficult to process or understand
D) a negative stimulus
E) all of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of If a participant's eye gaze is directed...

Question 13

Research that uses recall tasks
A) is better suited for the study of memory errors
B) has found order effects in recall ability for different items
C) is most often interested in the accuracy of items recalled
D) is most often interested in the number of items recalled
E) tends to focus on "intrusions" and the reasons for these errors

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research that uses recall tasks
A) is better...

Question 14

Having participants complete a series of sentence unscrambling tasks containing words meant to induce a certain mood is an example of:
A) subliminal priming
B) supraliminal priming
C) concept priming
D) parafoveal processing
E) sequential priming

Accepted Answer

This is an example of supraliminal priming, where participants are consciously exposed to words meant to induce a certain mood. Subliminal priming refers to a situation where exposure to a stimulus is below the threshold of conscious awareness, concept priming is when exposure to a stimulus influences our perception of a related stimulus, parafoveal processing refers to the ability to process information in the visual periphery, and sequential priming is when the presentation of one stimulus influences the processing of a subsequent, related stimulus.

Question 15

The underlying logic of _________ tasks is that positive primes should facilitate the evaluation of positively viewed target stimuli, while positive primes should inhibit judgment of negatively viewed stimuli.
A) subliminal priming
B) sequential priming
C) automatic evaluation
D) lexical decision
E) pronunciation

Accepted Answer

Automatic evaluation involves the automatic and unconscious assessment of stimuli, where positive primes facilitate positive evaluations and inhibit negative ones.

Question 16

Which of the following cognitive processes or components is NOT involved in the processing experienced by a participant completing the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?
A) response interference
B) processing speed
C) cognitive busyness
D) automatic associations
E) explicit evaluations

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following cognitive processes or...

Question 17

This form of psychophysiological measurement is concerned with understanding the relationship between oxygen flow in the brain and various processes and emotional states; use and interpretation of this measure requires a deep understanding of the roles and responsibilities of the different brain regions.
A) facial electromyography
B) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
C) event-related potentials (ERPs)
D) electroencephalography (EEG)
E) none of the above

Accepted Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures changes in the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal, which reflects neuronal activity in different regions of the brain. It is commonly used to study the neural basis of various cognitive and emotional processes, but interpretation of results requires a deep understanding of the roles and responsibilities of different brain regions.

Question 18

Explain the logic behind the Stroop effect. Specifically, (a) describe the Stroop effect; (b) explain why it is an indirect or implicit measurement, and what does it measure; and (c) provide an example that demonstrates the Stroop effect, and be sure to explain why your example reflects this effect.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain the logic behind the Stroop effect....

Question 19

What is the distinction between supraliminal and sequential priming? (a) Explain the key features of each type of priming, how they are similar and different, and what key outcome measures are with each type of priming. Also, (b) provide an example for how each type of priming might be delivered (i.e., how would a participant be supraliminally or sequentially primed?).

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the distinction between supraliminal and...

Question 20

Why do researchers use indirect or implicit measures of affect, attitudes, motivations, and information processing? Specifically, provide three reasons for why researchers would use implicit measures of internal states and processes. For each reason, explain why it is a concern, and how indirect/implicit measures avoid or address this concern.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why do researchers use indirect or implicit...

Quiz 16: Indirect and Implicit Measures of Cognition and Affect

Participants were asked to write down the first thing that comes to mind when reading the following statement: "When I walk in my neighborhood, I always feel good about." This would be an example of what type of indirect measure?

Which of the following is NOT considered a "social cognition" methodology? (circle all that apply)

Eye gaze would be considered an indirect/implicit measure of ___(a) _; tests of the Stroop effect would be considered an indirect/implicit measure of _(b) ___.

With ___(a) _ tasks, the researcher is interested in the types of memory errors made by respondents; in _(b) ___ tasks, the researcher is interested in the accuracy of respondents' memories.

With false recognition tasks, research has revealed how some information gets encoded in memory. What are some of the possible effects that would be found in studies with a false recognition task? (circle all that apply)

To manipulate participants' feelings of uncertainty (or certainty) , researchers had participants write about a time when they felt very uncertain (certain) about their self, their relationship, or their future. This would be an example of:

Why is it that we can use response latency as an implicit measurement of a participant's internal states? (circle all that apply)

Which of the following types of measurements or tasks provide insight into the automaticity of certain associations in our memory?

Which of the following is NOT a social psychophysiological measurement of, or technique for measuring, affective or cognitive processes?

Which of the following issues is NOT a criticism or limitation of psychophysiological assessments of internal states (e.g., attitudes, motivations) ?

The "Stroop" Task is an example of:

If a participant's eye gaze is directed toward one particular stimulus rather than other stimuli involved in the study, this is likely an indicator of:

Research that uses recall tasks

Having participants complete a series of sentence unscrambling tasks containing words meant to induce a certain mood is an example of:

The underlying logic of _________ tasks is that positive primes should facilitate the evaluation of positively viewed target stimuli, while positive primes should inhibit judgment of negatively viewed stimuli.

Which of the following cognitive processes or components is NOT involved in the processing experienced by a participant completing the Implicit Association Test (IAT) ?