Question 1

Rapid movements of the eye that allow the eye to inspect an object are called

Accepted Answer

Rapid movements of the eye that allow the eye to inspect an object are called saccades. Smooth visual pursuit refers to the ability of the eye to track a moving object smoothly. Vergence refers to the ability of the eyes to move in opposite directions to maintain binocular vision. Accommodation refers to the ability of the eye to change its focus from distant to near objects.

Question 2

Mervyn pulled out a red block from his pocket and showed it to his four-month-old daughter,Jennifer,a number of times.Jennifer looked at it less and less each time.Then Mervyn pulled out a blue block.If Jennifer showed recovery from habituation,we would expect that she

Accepted Answer

Recovery from habituation occurs when a new stimulus is presented and the individual shows an increased interest or attention compared to the familiar stimulus. In this case, if Jennifer shows recovery from habituation, she would look longer at the new (blue) block than she did at the familiar (red) block the last time it was shown, indicating renewed interest in the novel stimulus.

Question 3

If a researcher were to observe the preferential-looking behavior of a three-month-old,she or he would most likely find that the infant looked at

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that infants as young as three months old prefer to look at facelike patterns, suggesting an innate preference for human faces. This preference is believed to be important for social development and attachment. Infants may also show a preference for familiar objects or patterns, but the face preference is consistently observed across different studies. Therefore, choice C is the best answer.

Question 4

Perceptual learning and statistical learning are both forms of

Accepted Answer

Both perceptual learning and statistical learning are forms of implicit learning, which involves learning without conscious awareness or intention. Perceptual learning involves improving the ability to perceive and distinguish stimuli, while statistical learning involves detecting statistical regularities in the environment. Neither of these forms of learning involve explicit rewards or punishments, which are central to operant conditioning, and they do not involve a stimulus-response association, which is central to classical conditioning. Habituations is the process of becoming accustomed to a repeated stimulation and not a form of learning.

Question 5

The ________ controls the amount of light entering the eye and is sluggish during the first few months of life,reducing the ability to focus.

Accepted Answer

The pupillary reflex controls the size of the pupil and is responsible for regulating the amount of light that enters the eye. It can be sluggish during the first few months of life, which can reduce the ability to focus. The acuity reflex is responsible for adjusting the shape of the lens to allow for clear vision, while the accommodation reflex is responsible for adjusting the focus of the lens to allow for clear vision at different distances. The visuomotor reflex is a combination of visual and motor processes, involving the coordination between vision and movement.

Question 6

Delores repeatedly showed Curtis,her two-month-old,a picture of his grandfather.She noticed that Curtis seemed to become less interested in looking at the picture each time she showed it to him.Then she showed Curtis a picture of his grandmother,and he looked at it as long as he had first looked at his grandfather's picture.Curtis's loss of interest in his grandfather's picture demonstrates

Accepted Answer

Curtis's decreasing interest in the picture after repeated viewings is an example of habituation of attention, which is the diminishing of a response to a repeated stimulus. The fact that he showed renewed interest when shown a different picture (of his grandmother) suggests that it was not due to a conditioned response or operant response. Recovery from habituation would involve regaining interest in a previously habituated stimulus after a period of time has elapsed.

Question 7

Professor Wrightway would like to learn about the perceptual capacities of four-month-old infants but is uncertain about which procedure is most useful.You would recommend that he not choose a procedure that involves

Accepted Answer

Deferred imitation is not suitable for studying four-month-old infants because it involves the ability to replicate actions after a delay, a skill that typically develops later in infancy. The other options (habituation, preferential looking, and operant conditioning) are appropriate for studying perceptual capacities in infants as young as four months.

Question 8

Marasol was repeatedly presented with a picture of a large,blue butterfly.Although she looked at the picture when it was first presented,she tired of it and hardly looked at it when it was presented for the eighth time.When the stimulus was changed to a small,blue butterfly,Marasol again showed an interest by looking at the picture for a longer time.Marasol's renewed interest in the picture illustrates

Accepted Answer

Marasol's renewed interest in the picture after it was changed to a small version of the same butterfly suggests that she had habituated to the original stimulus. However, when presented with the new stimulus, her interest was renewed, indicating recovery from habituation. Thus, option A is the best choice. The other options, such as operant conditioning and preferential looking, do not adequately explain Marasol's behavior in response to the repeated presentation of the stimulus.

Question 9

Justine,a three-month-old,smiles when she sees her favorite mobile as she is put in her crib.Her ________ the mobile is an important process that allows her to interpret and enjoy this situation.

Accepted Answer

Perception involves the interpretation and understanding of sensory information. In this scenario, Justine's perception of the mobile as her favorite is what allows her to derive pleasure from seeing it in her crib. Sensation, on the other hand, refers to the initial detection of sensory information without interpretation or understanding. Habituation and classical conditioning both involve learning processes, but they are not applicable in this scenario as there is no indication that Justine is being repeatedly exposed to the mobile to become habituated or that she has developed an association between the mobile and a particular response through classical conditioning.

Question 10

________ are typically thought to be the building blocks;________ is thought to be the order and meaning imposed upon those basic elements.

Accepted Answer

Sensations are the basic elements of perception, while perception involves the process of imposing order and meaning upon these sensations. Choices A and C are not directly related to perception, and choice D refers to a separate cognitive process.

Question 11

________ procedures have figured prominently in research on auditory perception and infants' abilities to process sensory cues.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ procedures have figured prominently in research...

Question 12

Professor Smart is interested in studying the auditory capacities of three-month-old infants.After reviewing the research literature,she is most likely to choose ________ as an appropriate means of investigating this sensory modality.

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning is the most appropriate means of investigating the auditory capacities of three-month-old infants. It involves presenting a sound and observing the infant's response to determine if they can detect the sound. This method has been used in previous research on infant auditory perception and has been shown to be effective. Discrimination learning and classical conditioning may also be useful in investigating infant auditory abilities, but operant conditioning is the most appropriate technique for this particular study. Deferred imitation is not relevant to investigating auditory capacities.

Question 13

When her parents present Allison with a brightly colored toy,she looks at it far longer than when they show her a plain block.Allison's greater alertness to the brightly colored toy is an indication of

Accepted Answer

Allison's greater alertness to the brightly colored toy suggests that she is paying more attention to it, compared to the plain block. Therefore, the correct choice is attention. Learning, conditioning, and reinforcement are not necessarily indicated by this behavior.

Question 14

________ may be responsible for acquiring knowledge about language,categories,and procedural routines.

Accepted Answer

Implicit learning may be responsible for acquiring knowledge about language, categories, and procedural routines. This type of learning occurs without conscious awareness and is thought to involve the acquisition of knowledge through repeated exposure and observation of patterns and regularities in the environment. Habituation, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning are related to learning, but they typically involve more explicit forms of learning that are based on the association between stimuli and/or responses.

Question 15

Studies of looking behavior designed to explore the perceptual capacities of infants are most informative when infants

Accepted Answer

Studies that explore infants' perceptual capacities are most informative when infants show a preference for attending to one stimulus more than another stimulus. This can provide insight into their ability to distinguish between different visual stimuli and can inform researchers about the mechanisms of cognitive development during infancy.

Question 16

Perceptual development is a _________ process,one of imposing sense and order on the multisensory external world.

Accepted Answer

Perceptual development involves constructing a meaningful interpretation of sensory inputs from the external environment. It is an active process that involves the integration and organization of information from different sensory modalities.

Question 17

The visuomotor process by which small involuntary muscles change the shape of the lens of the eye so that images of objects seen at different distances are brought into focus on the retina is called

Accepted Answer

Visual accommodation refers to the ability of the eye to adjust its focus so that objects at different distances can be brought into focus on the retina. This is achieved through the contraction and relaxation of the ciliary muscles, which change the shape of the lens to adjust its refractive power.

Question 18

The brain's ability to organize and interpret basic units of information from the environment is called

Accepted Answer

Perception refers to the brain's ability to interpret and organize sensory information from the environment, including visual, auditory, olfactory, and tactile inputs. It involves complex processes that rely on the integration of multiple sensory cues and prior knowledge to create a meaningful understanding of the world around us. Unlike sensation, which refers to the initial detection of stimuli by sensory receptors, perception involves higher-level processing and interpretation of that information.

Question 19

________ is the basic information in the external world that is recorded by receptors in the brain.

Accepted Answer

Sensation refers to the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. It is the basic information coming from the external world that is picked up by our sensory systems. Perception, on the other hand, is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, giving it meaning and allowing us to recognize objects and events. Attention and organization are related to but distinct from sensation and perception.

Question 20

________ is the state of alertness or arousal that allows the individual to focus on a selected aspect of the environment.

Accepted Answer

Attention is the state of alertness or arousal that allows the individual to focus on a selected aspect of the environment. Sensation refers to the process of detecting stimuli, perception involves interpreting and organizing sensory information, and habituation is a decrease in response to a repeated stimulus.

Quiz 6: Basic Learning and Perception