Question 1

According to researchers that hold the view that exposure to television, movie, and video game violence substantially increases the risk of aggressive and violent behavior in the real world,
A) Nearly 3,500 studies have been published linking media violence to aggressive behavior.
B) Only the correlation between cigarette smoking and lung cancer is stronger than the correlation between media violence and aggression.
C) Bandura's Bobo-doll experiments proved that modeling causes aggression in children.
D) Most studies of the link between aggression and media exposure to violence are causal.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to researchers that hold the view...

Question 2

A clear answer to the debate over the connection between media violence and aggression has been difficult to obtain because
A) movie and video game violence substantially increases the risk of aggressive and violent behavior in the real world
B) only the correlation between cigarette smoking and lung cancer is stronger than the correlation between media violence and aggression
C) aggression and violence are almost never used as interchangeable concepts.
D) aggression is an abstract concept with widely varying definitions

Accepted Answer

Aggression is indeed an abstract concept that is defined in various ways, making it challenging to directly link media violence to aggression due to the lack of a consistent definition across studies.

Question 3

One problem in generalizing about real-world violence from laboratory studies is that
A)aggression as measured in laboratory research studies is quite often of the relatively mild variety
B) the effects of media violence cannot be adequately demonstrated in the laboratory
C) violence as measured in real-world research is usually very rare
D) researchers often construct elaborate conditions in the laboratory to simulate media influence.

Accepted Answer

Laboratory studies on aggression often involve milder forms of aggression compared to real-world violence, making generalizations to real-world violence challenging.

Question 4

All of the following are valid conclusions from the current research on aggression, violence, and the media, EXCEPT:
A) There is a real link between media violence and various forms of aggressive thoughts, emotions, and behavior.
B) Not every person exposed to media violence is affected in the same way.
C) A person might become violent through a process of peer selection.
D) Aggressive behavior does not develop as the result of temperament.

Accepted Answer

Aggressive behavior can indeed develop as a result of temperament, among other factors. This statement is incorrect because current research supports the idea that temperament, along with environmental factors, can influence the development of aggressive behavior.

Question 5

Research by Anderson and colleagues (2003) demonstrated that boys and men seem to be more vulnerable to media effects on direct physical aggression, whereas girls seem more vulnerable to effects on
A) indirect and verbal aggression
B) social exclusionism
C) nonverbal and physical aggression
D) emotional abuse

Accepted Answer

Anderson and colleagues' research found that while boys and men are more susceptible to media influences on direct physical aggression, girls are more affected in terms of indirect and verbal aggression. This distinction highlights how gender may influence the type of aggression that individuals are more likely to exhibit or be influenced by after media exposure.

Question 6

When Christopher Ferguson and his colleagues conducted correlational studies of exposure to violent video games and real-life violence as well as aggression, they found all of the following variables to be correlated with a history of violent criminal offenses, EXCEPT:
A) innate aggressive personality characteristics
B) exposure to violent video games
C) history of abuse
D) exposure to violent peers

Accepted Answer

Christopher Ferguson's research found no significant correlation between exposure to violent video games and a history of violent criminal offenses. Instead, factors such as innate aggressive personality characteristics, history of abuse, and exposure to violent peers were found to be correlated with such offenses.

Question 7

When you say, "I got used to it," you are expressing the idea of sensitization.

Accepted Answer

"I got used to it" expresses the idea of habituation, which means becoming accustomed to something over time, not sensitization, which refers to an increased reaction to a stimulus.

Question 8

Three examples of associative learning through personal experience are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves learning by association, operant conditioning involves learning through consequences (rewards or punishments), and observational learning involves learning by observing and imitating others. All three are examples of associative learning through personal experiences.

Question 9

The conditioning (neutral) stimulus in almost all cases must be presented after rather than before the unconditioned stimulus (e.g., the bell must come after the food).

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus (e.g., the bell) is typically presented before the unconditioned stimulus (e.g., the food) to elicit a conditioned response.

Question 10

Pavlov found that if he allowed his animals to rest for several hours following the extinction of a behavior, the conditioned response would spontaneously appear again upon re-presentation of the conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as spontaneous recovery, where a previously extinguished conditioned response re-emerges after a rest period when the conditioned stimulus is presented again.

Question 11

Addicts who recover in the context of a drug treatment facility may experience a resurgence of craving for their drug of choice once they leave the facility and come into contact with people, places, or things associated with the drug.

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as "cue-induced craving," where environmental cues associated with past drug use can trigger intense cravings, even after a period of abstinence.

Question 12

As a part of the debriefing for the fear conditioning of Little Albert, Watson and Rayner planned to recondition Albert so that he would not generalize his fear of rats to other objects later in life.

Accepted Answer

Watson and Rayner did not plan or conduct a debriefing or reconditioning phase for Little Albert to remove or mitigate the conditioned fear responses they had instilled.

Question 13

According to the general process view of classical conditioning, organisms are biologically prepared to form certain associations, but not to form other associations.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the general process view of...

Question 14

The law of effect states that for any organism, those behaviors that lead to a satisfying state of affairs are "stamped in" while those behaviors that lead to an unsatisfying or annoying state of affairs are "stamped out."

Accepted Answer

The law of effect, formulated by Edward Thorndike, suggests that behaviors followed by pleasant outcomes are likely to be repeated, while those followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated.

Question 15

Thorndike's puzzle box was designed so that the pellets would automatically be delivered to the animal when it pressed down on a lever located near the food tray.

Accepted Answer

Thorndike's puzzle box required animals to perform a specific action, like pulling a string or pressing a lever, to escape and receive a reward, not to automatically deliver food.

Question 16

In reinforcement, the term positive refers to the addition or presentation of something following a behavior, and the term negative refers to the removal of something.

Accepted Answer

In reinforcement, "positive" indeed means adding or presenting a stimulus after a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior occurring again, while "negative" means removing an unpleasant stimulus to also increase the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.

Question 17

If a child is given a "talking-to" to help reduce disobedience when she accompanies her parents to the store, that is an example of negative reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase a desired behavior, whereas a "talking-to" is an example of positive punishment, where an unpleasant stimulus (the lecture) is added to decrease an undesired behavior (disobedience).

Question 18

Suppose you wished to train your dog to play basketball. If you use a shaping procedure, you would start by demonstrating the full behavior to the dog so that it could shape its behavior to yours.

Accepted Answer

Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior, not demonstrating the full behavior for the animal to imitate.

Question 19

Taking advantage of the law of effect, Jessica's mother announced: "You can watch TV, but only after you've cleaned your room!" Suddenly, the low-probability behavior becomes a high-probability behavior.

Accepted Answer

The statement describes the Premack Principle, not the law of effect. The Premack Principle suggests that more probable behaviors will reinforce less probable behaviors when the more probable behaviors are used as rewards for the less probable behaviors.

Question 20

According to the partial reinforcement effect, in most cases it is better for learning that reinforcement does not occur on a continuous basis.

Accepted Answer

The partial reinforcement effect suggests that behaviors are more resistant to extinction and are learned more effectively when reinforcements are given intermittently rather than continuously. This approach makes the behavior more persistent and durable over time.

Quiz 7: Learning

According to researchers that hold the view that exposure to television, movie, and video game violence substantially increases the risk of aggressive and violent behavior in the real world,

A clear answer to the debate over the connection between media violence and aggression has been difficult to obtain because

One problem in generalizing about real-world violence from laboratory studies is that

All of the following are valid conclusions from the current research on aggression, violence, and the media, EXCEPT:

Research by Anderson and colleagues (2003) demonstrated that boys and men seem to be more vulnerable to media effects on direct physical aggression, whereas girls seem more vulnerable to effects on

When Christopher Ferguson and his colleagues conducted correlational studies of exposure to violent video games and real-life violence as well as aggression, they found all of the following variables to be correlated with a history of violent criminal offenses, EXCEPT: