Question 1

Which one of the following instructions is most likely to encourage students to elaborate as they study new material about the transcontinental railroad? Ask them
A) to find Ogden, Utah, site of the golden spike, on the map.
B) which Native American tribes lived along the railroad route.
C) what was the chief crop of Nebraska.
D) how the transcontinental railroad might have affected the economy of Utah.

Accepted Answer

Asking students how the transcontinental railroad might have affected the economy of Utah is most likely to encourage them to elaborate because it requires them to think critically about the impact of the railroad beyond just memorizing facts. It encourages deeper understanding and analysis. The other choices may be important information, but they do not necessarily require elaboration or critical thinking.

Question 2

Sometimes the chemistry class takes its exams in the lecture hall where the professor lectures, and sometimes in the testing center. Which of the following explains why test scores tend to be better in the lecture hall?
A) Retrieval failure
B) Keyword method
C) Encoding specificity
D) Fuzzy traces

Accepted Answer

Encoding specificity refers to the concept that memory retrieval is better when the conditions at encoding match the conditions at retrieval. In this case, taking the exam in the lecture hall where the students have learned the material and heard the professor lecture would provide a closer match to the conditions at encoding compared to taking the exam in a different location.

Question 3

Why are people's mental maps often inaccurate?
A) Mental maps tend to be stored with straight boundaries.
B) Human memory has trouble storing images.
C) Map knowledge is stored in dual-code networks.
D) Mental maps are stored in hierarchies, which tend to be inaccurate.

Accepted Answer

Mental maps tend to be stored with straight boundaries, which can lead to inaccuracies when representing curved or irregular shapes.

Question 4

Ms. Sally Mae begins teaching a unit on the Civil War. She asks her students to think of all the Civil War battle sites, movies, and memorials they can think of. Sally Mae is doing which of the following?
A) reciprocal teaching
B) metacognitive monitoring
C) activating prior knowledge
D) rehearsal

Accepted Answer

Sally Mae is activating prior knowledge by asking her students to think of everything they know about the Civil War. This helps to set the stage for the upcoming unit and can give the teacher a sense of what the students already know and what they need to learn.

Question 5

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the information processing model discussed in the text?
A) The sensory register has very small capacity.
B) Information that must be remembered for a long time goes directly from the sensory register to long-term memory; less important information is stored in working memory.
C) Visual images are stored in working memory.
D) Information from the outside world that enters long-term memory must first pass through the sensory register.

Accepted Answer

The information processing model suggests that information from the outside world first enters the sensory register, then moves to working memory, and finally, if encoded properly, to long-term memory.

Question 6

You give a three-year-old some cards depicting two shapes (e.g., dogs and cookies) that are drawn in two colors (e.g., black and yellow). Ask the child to first sort by color. After sorting several cards, ask to switch tasks and sort by shape. This is best described as a test of what?
A) processing speed
B) metacognition
C) long-term memory
D) inhibitory control

Accepted Answer

This is a test of inhibitory control, specifically the ability to switch tasks and inhibit the previous rule in favor of a new rule.

Question 7

William is trying to remember his new nine-digit social security number, and he does so by thinking of it as three groups of three digits each. William is demonstrating
A) storage in the sensory register.
B) retrieval from working memory.
C) maintenance rehearsal.
D) chunking.

Accepted Answer

William is using a memory strategy called chunking, where he groups multiple pieces of information into larger chunks, making it easier to remember them. In this case, he is chunking his social security number into three groups of three digits each. This strategy is commonly used to enhance memory performance.

Question 8

The textbook points out that ADHD is linked with which of the following?
A) mother's use of tobacco or alcohol during pregnancy
B) father's use of tobacco or alcohol during pregnancy
C) high income
D) mothers who were athletic before pregnancy

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that exposure to tobacco and alcohol during pregnancy increases the likelihood of a child developing ADHD.

Question 9

Which of the following best illustrates a script? A child knows that
A) a person can be a man and a father at the same time.
B) on school days, we get up, shower, eat breakfast, make lunch, and wait for the bus.
C) she has a bad memory for remembering what her mother told her to do.
D) a word can only refer to one object or class of objects.

Accepted Answer

Option B is an example of a script, which outlines a series of typical actions that occur in a particular situation, in this case, a school day routine.

Question 10

Which of the following is true of memory?
A) Teens have more false memories than younger children because teens have lived longer and have heard more stories that they incorporate into their memories falsely.
B) Children in early childhood have more false memories than older children.
C) It is very difficult to influence children to believe false memories.
D) Source monitoring errors are primarily errors of executive functions.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that younger children (ages 3-5) are more susceptible to developing false memories than older children and adults. This is because young children have less developed cognitive processes involving attention, comprehension, and critical thinking, making them more likely to accept suggestions or inferences about past events as memories. Teens may also be susceptible to false memories, but not necessarily to a greater extent than younger children. Source monitoring errors, or confusion about the source of a memory, may be related to executive functions, but they can also be influenced by a variety of other factors, such as attention, emotion, and external cues.

Question 11

The graph shown below depicts children's improvement in what mental capacity? 
A) letter recognition
B) long-term memory
C) processing speed
D) IQ

Accepted Answer

The answer of The graph shown below depicts children's improvement...

Question 12

The Stroop test is primarily a measure of
A) processing speed.
B) metacognition.
C) long-term memory.
D) inhibitory control.

Accepted Answer

The Stroop test is a measure of inhibitory control, which refers to the ability to suppress automatic or prepotent responses in order to perform a task that requires a different response. In the case of the Stroop test, participants are required to inhibit the automatic tendency to read a word and instead name the ink color of the word, which can be different from the word itself. The test is widely used to assess cognitive flexibility, attention, and executive function.

Question 13

According to the book, what is one reason why medication is a controversial treatment for ADHD?
A) gives children with ADHD an advantage over other children
B) medications have negative side effects
C) expensive for schools
D) only improves academic achievement, not behavior

Accepted Answer

The book states that medication is controversial because it has negative side effects. While other options, such as behavioral therapy, do exist, medication remains a popular choice for treating ADHD.

Question 14

Which of the following is true of memory?
A) Long-term memory can get so full that it is difficult to encode new things.
B) The more you know the easier it is to encode new things.
C) Low ability students have trouble learning, even in domains in which they have a lot of prior knowledge.
D) Scripts are an example of rote memorization, such as a list of the presidents.

Accepted Answer

The more you know, the easier it is to encode new things because existing knowledge provides a framework for adding new information, making it easier to understand and remember. This is supported by the concept of schema theory, where schemas (organized patterns of thought or behavior) help in the assimilation of new information.

Question 15

Sally is reading her history textbook and realizes that she is using a poor strategy for remembering what she has read. What has been activated?
A) sensory register
B) metacognition
C) long-term memory
D) working memory

Accepted Answer

Metacognition refers to the ability to reflect on one's own thinking processes and strategies. Sally has recognized that her current strategy is not effective, indicating that she is engaging in metacognitive thinking.

Question 16

You give a three-year-old some cards depicting two shapes (e.g., dogs and cookies) that are drawn in two colors (e.g., black and yellow). Ask the child to first sort by color. After sorting several cards, ask the child to switch tasks and sort by shape. What is the child likely to do?
A) sort by color
B) sort by shape
C) mix cards without paying attention to shape or color
D) switch back and forth between shape and color

Accepted Answer

Three-year-olds often struggle with task-switching due to their developing executive function skills, so they are likely to continue sorting by the initial rule (color) even after being asked to switch to sorting by shape.

Question 17

Which of the following is the LEAST advanced encoding method?
A) rehearsal
B) organization
C) elaboration
D) encoding specificity

Accepted Answer

Rehearsal is the least advanced encoding method as it simply involves repeating information over and over in order to memorize it, without adding any additional meaningful connections or associations. Organization and elaboration involve organizing information into meaningful categories and adding additional information or connections to aid in memory retention, while encoding specificity involves using environmental or contextual cues to help retrieve the information later.

Question 18

The information processing component that shifts attention and suppresses responses is
A) executive function.
B) working memory.
C) mnemonic strategies.
D) sensory register.

Accepted Answer

The component that shifts attention and suppresses responses is known as executive function, which refers to a set of mental processes that enable goal-directed behavior. It involves planning, decision-making, inhibitory control, and shifting attention between tasks. Working memory refers to the ability to hold and manipulate information in one's mind, while mnemonic strategies are techniques for improving memory. The sensory register is a component of the memory system that briefly stores sensory information before it is processed further.

Question 19

Boys are diagnosed with ADHD more than girls.

Accepted Answer

Studies have consistently shown that boys are diagnosed with ADHD more frequently than girls. In fact, the ratio of boys to girls with ADHD is about 3:1. This may be due to a number of factors, including differences in brain structure and function, genetics, and socialization.

Question 20

An advantage of knowing some skills so well that they are automatic is that when mental processes are automatic, it
A) lessens working memory load for tasks involving those skills.
B) lessens storage in long-term memory.
C) facilitates the meaningful learning of those skills.
D) decreases capacity of the sensory register.

Accepted Answer

When mental processes become automatic, they require less conscious effort and thus decrease the working memory load for tasks involving those skills. This allows individuals to focus on other aspects of the task or to devote more working memory resources to other tasks.

Quiz 4: Information Processing, Memory, and Problem Solving

Which one of the following instructions is most likely to encourage students to elaborate as they study new material about the transcontinental railroad? Ask them

Sometimes the chemistry class takes its exams in the lecture hall where the professor lectures, and sometimes in the testing center. Which of the following explains why test scores tend to be better in the lecture hall?

Why are people's mental maps often inaccurate?

Ms. Sally Mae begins teaching a unit on the Civil War. She asks her students to think of all the Civil War battle sites, movies, and memorials they can think of. Sally Mae is doing which of the following?

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the information processing model discussed in the text?

You give a three-year-old some cards depicting two shapes (e.g., dogs and cookies) that are drawn in two colors (e.g., black and yellow) . Ask the child to first sort by color. After sorting several cards, ask to switch tasks and sort by shape. This is best described as a test of what?

William is trying to remember his new nine-digit social security number, and he does so by thinking of it as three groups of three digits each. William is demonstrating

The textbook points out that ADHD is linked with which of the following?

Which of the following best illustrates a script? A child knows that

Which of the following is true of memory?

The graph shown below depicts children's improvement in what mental capacity?

The Stroop test is primarily a measure of

According to the book, what is one reason why medication is a controversial treatment for ADHD?

Which of the following is true of memory?

Sally is reading her history textbook and realizes that she is using a poor strategy for remembering what she has read. What has been activated?

You give a three-year-old some cards depicting two shapes (e.g., dogs and cookies) that are drawn in two colors (e.g., black and yellow) . Ask the child to first sort by color. After sorting several cards, ask the child to switch tasks and sort by shape. What is the child likely to do?

Which of the following is the LEAST advanced encoding method?

The information processing component that shifts attention and suppresses responses is

Boys are diagnosed with ADHD more than girls.

An advantage of knowing some skills so well that they are automatic is that when mental processes are automatic, it