Question 1

Monkeys are presented with a series of stimuli in a delayed matching to sample task. First a white light signals the start of the trial. Then a green light is presented, followed by the red sample light, a delay, and then the test stimuli of a green light and a red light. This experiment is designed to explore
A)proactive interference.
B)reference memory coding.
C)retroactive interference.
D)retrograde amnesia.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Monkeys are presented with a series of...

Question 2

In a 12-arm radial maze, a rat makes a correct response if it visits an arm it has not previously explored. After 10 arms have been explored, the rat is most likely using which coding strategy to make the last choices?
A)introspective
B)prospective
C)retrospective
D)rehearsal

Accepted Answer

The rat is most likely using a prospective coding strategy to make its last choices because it is remembering which arms it has already explored and using that information to choose which arm to explore next.

Question 3

Evidence to support the retrieval failure hypothesis of retrograde amnesia comes from studies in which
A)memory deficits can be overcome by reminder treatments.
B)hypothermia causes retrograde amnesia.
C)memory deficits occur in response to ECT.
D)memory in the short-term store is shown to be vulnerable.

Accepted Answer

The retrieval failure hypothesis of retrograde amnesia suggests that memories are not lost but are temporarily inaccessible. Evidence supporting this hypothesis comes from studies where reminder treatments help overcome memory deficits, indicating that the information is still stored in the brain but needs cues or prompts for retrieval.

Question 4

Infants were trained to kick in order to move a mobile. 24 hours later, one group of these infants was tested in the presence of the same contextual cues; another group was tested in the presence of a context familiar to them, but different from the training situation. The infants tested in the training context performed much better, probably because of
A)rehearsal cues.
B)retrieval cues.
C)prospective cues.
D)retrospective cues.

Accepted Answer

The infants who were tested in the same contextual cues as the training situation were able to retrieve the memory of how to kick to move the mobile because of the retrieval cues provided by the context. The other answer choices do not accurately describe the mechanism at play in this study.

Question 5

The important difference between the memory consolidation and retrieval failure hypotheses of retrograde amnesia is that
A)the memory consolidation hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects altered coding of new memories, whereas the retrieval failure hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects a vulnerability of information in the short-term store.
B)the memory consolidation hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects memory loss, whereas the retrieval failure hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects altered coding of new memories.
C)the memory consolidation hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects memory loss, whereas the retrieval failure hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects a vulnerability of information in the short-term store.
D)the memory consolidation hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects a vulnerability of information in the short-term store, whereas the retrieval failure hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects memory loss.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The important difference between the memory consolidation...

Question 6

Animals have been found to use different coding strategies depending on the task demands. For example, at the beginning of a long series of behaviors, an animal would likely use _____, whereas near the end of the series it would likely use _____.
A)prospective coding; retrospective coding
B)retrospective coding; prospective coding
C)reference coding; introspective coding
D)rehearsal coding; prospective coding

Accepted Answer

Retrospective coding involves using previously acquired information to guide behavior, while prospective coding involves maintaining information to guide future behaviors. At the beginning of a long series of behaviors, an animal would likely use prospective coding to plan their future actions. Near the end of the series, however, the animal would likely use retrospective coding to recall and execute previously learned behaviors.

Question 7

When rats and humans were both required to perform in a radial arm-type spatial memory task, researchers determined that
A)rats use retrospective coding strategies, and humans use prospective strategies.
B)rats use retrospective coding strategies, and humans are able to switch between coding strategies.
C)rats use prospective coding strategies, and humans are able to switch between coding strategies.
D)rats and humans are able to switch between retrospective and prospective coding strategies.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When rats and humans were both required...

Question 8

Prospective coding refers to events
A)that must happen in the future.
B)that have occurred in the immediate past.
C)that have occurred in the distant past.
D)that are no longer stored in working memory.

Accepted Answer

Prospective coding refers to events that are expected to happen in the future, therefore Choice A is the correct answer. Choices B, C, and D refer to events that have already happened in the past, which are not relevant to prospective coding.

Question 9

Retrospective coding refers to memory of
A)spatial cues.
B)events that have happened in the past.
C)events that still must occur.
D)visual cues in the environment.

Accepted Answer

Retrospective coding refers to the ability to remember events that have already occurred in the past. It is different from prospective coding which involves remembering events that have yet to occur. Spatial and visual cues are related to other types of memory processes.

Question 10

Which of the following can serve as a retrieval cue?
A)contextual cues
B)the US
C)the CS+
D)all of the above

Accepted Answer

All of the given options can serve as retrieval cues to help remember a previously learned memory by activating the neural pathways associated with the memory. Contextual cues can remind the individual of the setting or environment in which the memory was formed. The US (unconditioned stimulus) is a natural stimulus that elicits an automatic response and can help retrieve memories associated with that response. The CS+ (conditioned stimulus) is a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with the US to elicit a learned response, and its presentation can retrieve associations and memories related to that learned response.

Question 11

After three right-hand turns, Sally remembers that to get to Beth's house she must next make a left-hand turn. To remember the left-hand turn, Sally is using
A)prospection.
B)retrospection.
C)introspection.
D)rehearsal memory.

Accepted Answer

Prospection is the correct answer because it involves the mental representation and anticipation of future events, which is what Sally is doing by remembering she needs to make a left-hand turn next to get to Beth's house.

Question 12

The retrieval failure hypothesis of retrograde amnesia suggests that amnesia results from
A)retention failure.
B)general memory loss.
C)loss of information from short-term memory
D)altered coding of relatively recent memories.

Accepted Answer

The retrieval failure hypothesis suggests that information is still stored in long-term memory, but the ability to access and retrieve it is impaired. This can occur due to altered encoding of relatively recent memories, which can make it difficult to retrieve them later on. This hypothesis does not suggest retention failure or general memory loss, and loss of information from short-term memory would not account for retrograde amnesia.

Question 13

Bob asks you to come over to play video games. He tells you he lives right under the large green billboard visible from campus. To get to his house you must use
A)beacon following.
B)landmarks.
C)geometric cues.
D)spatial coding.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Bob asks you to come over to...

Question 14

Which of the following is not an adaptive feature of forgetting?
A)It increases behavioral variability.
B)It can reduce the context specificity of learning.
C)It can be useful in therapeutic settings.
D)All are adaptive features of forgetting

Accepted Answer

All of the choices given are adaptive features of forgetting. Forgetting can increase behavioral variability, reduce the context specificity of learning, and be useful in therapeutic settings. For example, if a person has a traumatic experience, it may be adaptive for them to forget some details in order to cope and move on.

Question 15

Reminder treatments can increase responding that is low due to
A)latent inhibition.
B)overshadowing.
C)blocking.
D)all of the above

Accepted Answer

Reminder treatments can increase responding that is low due to latent inhibition, overshadowing, and blocking, as they help overcome the effects of these learning phenomena by reinforcing the association between the stimulus and the response.

Question 16

Directed forgetting studies support all of the following conclusions except
A)rehearsal processes in animals can be brought under stimulus control.
B)memory processes in animals can be brought under stimulus control.
C)memory processes in animals involve the passive storage of information.
D)memory processes in humans can be brought under stimulus control.

Accepted Answer

The directed forgetting studies do not support the conclusion that memory processes in animals involve passive storage of information. The studies focused on human memory, specifically on the ability to intentionally forget information. The studies found evidence for cognitive control over memory processes in humans, but do not necessarily apply to animals or suggest that their memory processes are passive.

Question 17

If a hamster in a radial maze is keeping in mind where it has been, it is using
A)prospection.
B)introspection.
C)retrospection.
D)reference memory.

Accepted Answer

Retrospection involves looking back or remembering past events, which is what the hamster is doing by keeping in mind where it has been in the maze.

Question 18

Compared with traditional views of memory acquisition, storage, and recall, contemporary views suggest
A)that acquisition is more difficult, recall is easier.
B)that items in long-term storage are more permanent than previously thought.
C)that items in long-term storage can be made more malleable than previously thought.
D)that most of what we consider memory is actually classical or instrumental conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Contemporary views suggest that items in long-term storage can be made more malleable than previously thought through processes like reconsolidation and retrieval-induced plasticity. This is a shift from the traditional view of long-term memory as stable and unchanging.

Question 19

When he first begins shopping, Peter is able to remember what he has in his cart without referring to his list. He is using
A)retrospection.
B)prospection.
C)introspection.
D)rehearsal memory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When he first begins shopping, Peter is...

Question 20

Memory priming involves
A)presenting a retrieval cue and testing immediately.
B)presenting a retrieval cue and testing some time later.
C)presenting a retrieval cue during acquisition.
D)presenting a retrieval cue that sets the occasion for the training phase.

Accepted Answer

Memory priming involves presenting a retrieval cue and testing some time later, which allows for the effects of the cue to unfold over time and influence memory performance. Presenting a retrieval cue immediately (A) may not allow enough time for the priming effects to occur. Presenting a retrieval cue during acquisition (C) may simply aid in encoding rather than priming for later retrieval. Presenting a retrieval cue that sets the occasion for the training phase (D) is not a form of priming but rather involves creating an environmental context for learning.

Quiz 11: Comparative Cognition I

In a 12-arm radial maze, a rat makes a correct response if it visits an arm it has not previously explored. After 10 arms have been explored, the rat is most likely using which coding strategy to make the last choices?

Evidence to support the retrieval failure hypothesis of retrograde amnesia comes from studies in which

The important difference between the memory consolidation and retrieval failure hypotheses of retrograde amnesia is that

Animals have been found to use different coding strategies depending on the task demands. For example, at the beginning of a long series of behaviors, an animal would likely use _, whereas near the end of the series it would likely use _.

When rats and humans were both required to perform in a radial arm-type spatial memory task, researchers determined that

Prospective coding refers to events

Retrospective coding refers to memory of

Which of the following can serve as a retrieval cue?

After three right-hand turns, Sally remembers that to get to Beth's house she must next make a left-hand turn. To remember the left-hand turn, Sally is using

The retrieval failure hypothesis of retrograde amnesia suggests that amnesia results from

Bob asks you to come over to play video games. He tells you he lives right under the large green billboard visible from campus. To get to his house you must use

Which of the following is not an adaptive feature of forgetting?

Reminder treatments can increase responding that is low due to

Directed forgetting studies support all of the following conclusions except

If a hamster in a radial maze is keeping in mind where it has been, it is using

Compared with traditional views of memory acquisition, storage, and recall, contemporary views suggest

When he first begins shopping, Peter is able to remember what he has in his cart without referring to his list. He is using

Memory priming involves