Question 1

Kohlberg's emphasis on ____ has not been supported by cross-cultural research.
A)individual rights and justice as the basis for moral reasoning
B)the biological nature of morality
C)racial differences in morality
D)IQ scores as a predictor of moral thinking

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which emphasizes individual rights and justice as the basis for moral reasoning, has faced criticism for not being universally applicable across different cultures. Cross-cultural research has shown that moral reasoning can also be based on community obligations or interpersonal relationships, challenging the universality of Kohlberg's stages.

Question 2

You are reviewing a research article with the title, "Women and the drive to care for others." Who is the most likely author of this material?
A)Kohlberg
B)Piaget
C)Gilligan
D)Bandura

Accepted Answer

The title suggests that the focus of the article is on women and their tendency to care for others, which is a topic that Carol Gilligan has extensively researched and written about in her work on moral development and gender differences. Kohlberg and Piaget primarily focused on cognitive development, while Bandura's work centered on social learning theory.

Question 3

Gilligan's original complaint against Kohlberg's theory was that it
A)didn't accurately reflect the moral development of women.
B)had too many stages.
C)was too Piagetian.
D)had no practical applications.

Accepted Answer

Gilligan argued that Kohlberg's theory was based solely on the moral development of men and did not accurately reflect the moral reasoning of women. She believed that women's morality was based more on care and relationships rather than abstract principles, which Kohlberg's theory emphasized.

Question 4

Joe has lived all of his life in the United States, while Apu was raised in the Hindu faith in India. When presented with a dilemma concerning the morality of stealing, ​
A)Joe would be much more likely to make a care-based decision.
B)Apu would be much more likely to make a care-based decision.
C)both Joe and Apu would likely make care-based decisions.
D)both Joe and Apu would likely make justice-based decisions.

Accepted Answer

This is because Apu was raised in a culture that values the concept of karma, which emphasizes the importance of treating others with compassion and kindness. Therefore, Apu is more likely to make a care-based decision when faced with a moral dilemma. Joe, on the other hand, may be more influenced by the individualistic culture of the United States, which places a greater emphasis on justice and personal rights.

Question 5

Kohlberg proposed that stages of moral reasoning
A)do not predict moral behavior.
B)form an invariant sequence.
C)predict one's general level of intelligence.
D)vary greatly from culture to culture.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg proposed that stages of moral reasoning form an invariant sequence, meaning they occur in a specific order and cannot be skipped. However, it should be noted that some criticisms have been made of Kohlberg's theory, including the limited sample population used in his research and the cultural bias of his stages.

Question 6

Research has indicated that the most effective way to foster moral development in adolescents is to
A)avoid allowing them to voice amoral opinions.
B)encourage direct observation of immoral behavior.
C)sign a social contract.
D)discuss moral issues.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that discussing moral issues with adolescents is one of the most effective ways to foster their moral development. Through these discussions, adolescents can have the opportunity to explore their own beliefs and values, as well as to gain a more nuanced understanding of the complexities of moral decision-making. Encouraging direct observation of immoral behavior may also have an impact, but it is not as consistently effective as discussion. Avoiding allowing them to voice amoral opinions is not helpful, as it does not allow for exploration or growth in moral reasoning. Signing a social contract may have some impact, but it would likely be less effective than discussion, as it does not involve active exploration and reflection on moral issues.

Question 7

Research on the relationship between moral thinking and moral behaviors has shown that when making moral decisions, delinquent adolescents
A)tend to reason at lower levels than nondelinquents.
B)rely heavily on universal ethical principles.
C)tend to think at the postconventional level.
D)typically fail to consider factors like reward and punishment.

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that delinquent adolescents tend to reason at lower levels of moral thinking compared to non-delinquent adolescents. They are more likely to rely on personal or hedonistic interests rather than ethical principles when making moral decisions. They also tend to prioritize immediate gratification over long-term consequences, indicating a lack of consideration for punishment.

Question 8

Research indicates that most individuals' progression through Kohlberg's stages is ____.
A)haphazard.
B)in sequence.
C)gender-specific.
D)dependent on self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

Research on Kohlberg's stages of moral development suggests that most individuals progress through the stages in sequence, with some individuals skipping stages or progressing more slowly than others. However, the overall pattern of progression is generally consistent across genders and is not dependent on self-esteem.

Question 9

Which phrase describes the emphasis of Gilligan's theory of moral development?
A)The ethic of care
B)The ethic of justice
C)The ethic of intelligence
D)The ethic of obedience

Accepted Answer

Gilligan's theory of moral development emphasizes the importance of caring and relationships in moral reasoning and decision making, which she refers to as the "ethic of care." This is in contrast to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which emphasized the "ethic of justice" and focused more on individual rights and rules.

Question 10

Research on differences between the moral reasoning of males and females has shown that
A)there are significant differences between the moral reasoning of men and women.
B)although there are small differences between men and women in some areas, the overall moral reasoning of males and females is very similar.
C)significant sex differences are found in cultures that emphasize justice but not in those that emphasize care.
D)no differences in moral reasoning have been identified between the sexes.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that although there are small differences between men and women in some areas of moral reasoning, the overall moral reasoning of males and females is very similar. However, sex differences are found in cultures that emphasize care over justice. Therefore, choice B is the best answer.

Question 11

Children and adolescents in many cultures begin reasoning about moral dilemmas at stage ____.
A)five or six.
B)four or five.
C)infancy.
D)two or three.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Children and adolescents in many cultures begin...

Question 12

Support for Kohlberg's theory of moral development includes data indicating that
A)external forces have a greater impact on the moral behavior of those operating at the lower stages of moral reasoning.
B)females are superior on moral dilemmas that focus on nurturing.
C)older individuals tend to regress to lower levels of moral thinking.
D)the development of moral reasoning does not follow any specific sequence.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory suggests that individuals progress through stages of moral development, and those at lower stages are more influenced by external consequences (like punishment or reward) rather than internalized moral principles, which supports choice A.

Question 13

There is little evidence to support Kohlberg's claim that the stages of moral reasoning are
A)measurable.
B)universal.
C)unconscious.
D)biological.

Accepted Answer

While Kohlberg believed that the stages of moral reasoning were universal and applicable across cultures, there is limited empirical evidence to support this claim. Furthermore, the stages are not easily measured, and there is no evidence to suggest that they are biologically determined or unconscious. Therefore, the best choice is B - universal.

Question 14

Individuals operating at a postconventional level of moral development are more likely to be compelled to moral action when ____.
A)external forces favor it.
B)it is the compassionate decision.
C)the law dictates it.
D)it is supported by their friends.

Accepted Answer

Individuals operating at a postconventional level of moral development value universal ethical principles and human dignity above societal norms or laws. Therefore, they are more likely to be compelled to moral action when it aligns with their own ethical principles, such as making a compassionate decision.

Question 15

Kohlberg believed that moral reasoning was consistent. Research has revealed that moral reasoning is_____
A)inconsistent.
B)consistent ​
C)universal across cultures.
D)consistent in adults but not children.

Accepted Answer

While Kohlberg believed moral reasoning was consistent, research has revealed that it can vary depending on the situation or context. Therefore, moral reasoning can be inconsistent.

Question 16

Research suggests that adolescents involved with ____ are positively influenced in moral reasoning and moral behavior.
A)after school sports
B)religious youth groups
C)part-time work
D)domestic chores

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that adolescents involved with religious youth groups are positively influenced in moral reasoning and behavior. These groups provide a community that values good behavior and offers opportunities to engage in acts of altruism and community service. After school sports, part-time work, and domestic chores may offer some benefits but are not specifically associated with moral reasoning and moral behavior.

Question 17

Which activity is least likely to raise Chelsea's moral reasoning to a more sophisticated level?
A)Making decisions based on social norms
B)Participating in a church youth group
C)Watching a peer stand up for another regardless of the consequences
D)Discussing moral dilemmas with her parents

Accepted Answer

Making decisions based on social norms may reinforce Chelsea's current level of moral reasoning rather than challenge or develop it further.

Question 18

On which point would Kohlberg and Gilligan agree? ​
A)Females emphasize justice and men emphasize care.
B)Moral reasoning develops across distinct stages.
C)The pattern of moral reasoning does not vary by culture.
D)You cannot judge some thought as more moral than others.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg and Gilligan both agree that moral reasoning develops across distinct stages. They differ in their theories on the specific stages and the content of the stages, but they agree that moral reasoning is a process that occurs in a predictable sequence.

Question 19

Groups of Hindu adults and children from India and non-Hindu adults and children from the United States are read a dilemma in which a person is forced to choose between breaking the law to help out a friend or not breaking the law but disappointing the friend. What results would you expect?
A)No group chose to break the law.
B)The adults chose to break the law.
C)Those from India chose to break the law.
D)All groups chose to break the law.

Accepted Answer

Cultural norms and values significantly influence moral decision-making. In many collectivist cultures, such as those in India, there is a strong emphasis on maintaining relationships and fulfilling duties to others, which might lead to a higher likelihood of choosing to break the law to help a friend. Conversely, in more individualistic cultures like the United States, there might be a stronger emphasis on adhering to laws and principles over personal relationships in such dilemmas.

Question 20

At which age are most people operating at the postconventional level of moral reasoning? ​
A)Adults
B)Adolescents
C)A good portion of adolescence and adults develop this level of thinking.
D)Adolescence and adults may both operate at this level depending on cultural influences.

Accepted Answer

The postconventional level of moral reasoning is not necessarily tied to a specific age, but rather to cultural influences. Both adolescents and adults may operate at this level depending on the values and beliefs of their culture.

Quiz 8: Rites of Passage: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Kohlberg's emphasis on ____ has not been supported by cross-cultural research.

You are reviewing a research article with the title, "Women and the drive to care for others." Who is the most likely author of this material?

Gilligan's original complaint against Kohlberg's theory was that it

Joe has lived all of his life in the United States, while Apu was raised in the Hindu faith in India. When presented with a dilemma concerning the morality of stealing, ​

Kohlberg proposed that stages of moral reasoning

Research has indicated that the most effective way to foster moral development in adolescents is to

Research on the relationship between moral thinking and moral behaviors has shown that when making moral decisions, delinquent adolescents

Research indicates that most individuals' progression through Kohlberg's stages is ____.

Which phrase describes the emphasis of Gilligan's theory of moral development?

Research on differences between the moral reasoning of males and females has shown that

Children and adolescents in many cultures begin reasoning about moral dilemmas at stage ____.

Support for Kohlberg's theory of moral development includes data indicating that

There is little evidence to support Kohlberg's claim that the stages of moral reasoning are

Individuals operating at a postconventional level of moral development are more likely to be compelled to moral action when ____.

Kohlberg believed that moral reasoning was consistent. Research has revealed that moral reasoning is_____

Research suggests that adolescents involved with ____ are positively influenced in moral reasoning and moral behavior.

Which activity is least likely to raise Chelsea's moral reasoning to a more sophisticated level?

On which point would Kohlberg and Gilligan agree? ​

Groups of Hindu adults and children from India and non-Hindu adults and children from the United States are read a dilemma in which a person is forced to choose between breaking the law to help out a friend or not breaking the law but disappointing the friend. What results would you expect?

At which age are most people operating at the postconventional level of moral reasoning? ​

Joe has lived all of his life in the United States, while Apu was raised in the Hindu faith in India. When presented with a dilemma concerning the morality of stealing,

On which point would Kohlberg and Gilligan agree?

At which age are most people operating at the postconventional level of moral reasoning?