Question 1

Marx believed that _________ was the first economic system capable of maximizing the immense productive potential of human labor and ingenuity.
A)the capitalist system
B)socialism
C)communism
D)a centrally planned economy

Accepted Answer

Marx believed that the capitalist system was the first economic system capable of maximizing the immense productive potential of human labor and ingenuity, as it introduced a new level of productivity and technological innovation.

Question 2

Karl Marx argued that ________ "chases the bourgeoisie over the whole surface of the globe."
A)change
B)globalization-from-below
C)globalization-from-above
D)the drive for profit

Accepted Answer

Karl Marx argued that the drive for profit is a fundamental force that compels the bourgeoisie (the capitalist class) to expand their economic activities globally, in search of new markets, resources, and opportunities for profit. This concept is central to his critique of capitalism and its tendency to spread across the world.

Question 3

_______________ movements seek to turn back the hands of time to an earlier condition or state of being.
A)Regressive
B)Reformist
C)Revolutionary
D)Counter-revolutionary

Accepted Answer

Regressive movements aim to return to a previous state or condition, essentially turning back the hands of time.

Question 4

Each "upgrade" of the 1903 Wright Flyer (the first successful airplane)increased the airplane's capacity to fly farther, higher, faster, and with more passengers. Upgrades are equivalent to
A)an invention.
B)a basic innovation.
C)an improving innovation.
D)a paradigm shift.

Accepted Answer

Improving innovations refer to enhancements made to an existing product or technology to boost its performance, efficiency, or utility, without fundamentally changing the underlying concept. The upgrades to the 1903 Wright Flyer fit this description, as they improved the airplane's capabilities without altering the fundamental technology of powered flight.

Question 5

_______________ is formed when a substantial number of people organize to change, to resist change, or undo change in some area of society.
A)A scientific revolution
B)A social movement
C)A basic innovation
D)Resource mobilization

Accepted Answer

A social movement is the correct answer because it specifically refers to a collective effort by a large group of people to bring about, resist, or undo change within society. This encompasses a wide range of activities and goals, from civil rights and environmental protection to political and cultural changes.

Question 6

Ralf Dahrendorf wrote "It is immeasurably difficult to trace the path on which a person…encounters other people just like himself, and at a certain point says 'Let us join hands, friends, so that no-one will push us off one by one.'" Dahrendorf was writing about
A)globalization-from-above.
B)social movements.
C)globalization-from-below.
D)the Chernobyl meltdown.

Accepted Answer

Dahrendorf's quote reflects on the formation and dynamics of social movements, where individuals come together to form a collective force to resist oppression or bring about social change.

Question 7

Thomas Kuhn defines a paradigm as
A)equivalent to a hypothesis.
B)a trial and highly tentative idea.
C)the dominant and widely accepted theories and concepts in a particular field of study.
D)the most controversial theories and concepts within a discipline.

Accepted Answer

Thomas Kuhn introduced the concept of a paradigm to describe the set of practices that define a scientific discipline at any particular period of time. A paradigm, according to Kuhn, includes the dominant and widely accepted theories and concepts in a particular field of study, guiding the research and methodology within that field.

Question 8

When a new paradigm causes converts to see the world in an entirely new light and wonder how they could possibly have taken the old paradigm seriously, _______ has occurred.
A)a scientific revolution
B)innovation
C)cultural lag
D)adaptive reasoning

Accepted Answer

A scientific revolution often leads to a fundamental shift in the understanding of the world, causing those who adopt the new paradigm to reevaluate and significantly change their perspective on previously accepted theories or beliefs.

Question 9

Anthropologist Leslie White maintained that inventions control people. He supported this conclusion with the argument that
A)necessity is the mother of invention.
B)when the cultural base is capable of supporting an invention that invention will come into being whether we want it or not.
C)human beings have no free will.
D)the best things in science are found because they are useful at the time.

Accepted Answer

Leslie White believed that inventions are a result of the cultural and technological readiness of a society, rather than purely human will or necessity. This means that if a society has the means and knowledge to create an invention, it will inevitably do so, regardless of individual desires or needs.

Question 10

The Petition Project seeks to challenge other social movements that demand reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. This desire to maintain an existing social order suggests that the Petition Project is a ____________________ movement.
A)regressive
B)reformist
C)revolutionary
D)counter-revolutionary

Accepted Answer

The answer of The Petition Project seeks to challenge other...

Question 11

A _______________ social movement seeks broad, sweeping and radical structural changes to a society's basic social institutions.
A)reformist
B)revolutionary
C)counter revolutionary
D)regressive

Accepted Answer

A revolutionary social movement aims for major, radical changes to the structure of society, often seeking to overhaul its fundamental institutions.

Question 12

The explanatory value and hence the status of a paradigm is threatened by the existence of an anomaly. An anomaly is
A)a dominant and widely accepted theory.
B)an observation that the paradigm cannot explain.
C)a modification of a basic invention.
D)a transformation of the social structure.

Accepted Answer

An anomaly refers to an observation or a phenomenon that cannot be explained by the current paradigm or theoretical framework, thus challenging its validity and potentially leading to the development of a new paradigm.

Question 13

Inventors may be geniuses, but they also must be born in the right place and at the right time; this means that
A)inventors must be born in a capitalist country free of government control.
B)the society into which they are born must have compulsory education.
C)they must live in a society with a cultural base sufficiently developed to support their invention.
D)people must perceive their inventions as useful.

Accepted Answer

Inventors need a society with a cultural and technological base that can support and appreciate their inventions, ensuring they can be developed and utilized effectively.

Question 14

Leslie White maintains that if an invention is to come into being, the inventor must
A)be a genius.
B)invent something that people view as a necessity.
C)have the ability to market the product.
D)be born at the right place and time.

Accepted Answer

Leslie White suggests that the timing and location of an inventor's birth are crucial for an invention to emerge, emphasizing the importance of the socio-cultural context rather than individual traits like genius, marketability, or the invention's perceived necessity.

Question 15

Leslie White maintains that __________ is tied to the size of the cultural base.
A)the rate of cultural diffusion
B)scientific progress
C)the rate of change
D)a population's openness to new ideas

Accepted Answer

Leslie White argued that the rate of cultural change is tied to the size of the cultural base, meaning that as the amount of knowledge and technology in a society increases, the potential for further cultural development also grows.

Question 16

"We invent the automobile to get us between two points faster, and suddenly we find we have to build new roads. And that means we have to invent traffic regulations... and then we have to invent a whole new organization called the highway patrol." This assessment supports the idea that
A)necessity is the mother of invention.
B)if a new invention is to come into being, the cultural base must be large enough to support it.
C)invention is the mother of necessity.
D)if people have the power to create material innovations they also have the power to destroy them.

Accepted Answer

The assessment illustrates how the invention of the automobile led to the necessity for roads, traffic regulations, and highway patrols, showing that new inventions create new needs.

Question 17

According to sociologist Ralf Dahrendorf, the structural origins of conflict can be traced to
A)authority structures.
B)decision-making powers of the power elite.
C)invention and innovation.
D)workers' demands for higher wages.

Accepted Answer

Ralf Dahrendorf's conflict theory emphasizes the role of authority structures in society as the primary source of conflict, focusing on the inherent tensions between those in positions of authority and those subject to it.

Question 18

"Of all discoveries and opinions, none may have exerted a greater effect on the human spirit than the doctrine of Copernicus. The world had scarcely become known as round and complete in itself when it was asked to waive the tremendous privilege of being the center of the universe. Never, perhaps, was a greater demand made on mankind-for by this admission so many things vanished in mist and smoke!" (Goethe 2004). This description describes
A)a scientific revolution.
B)an anomaly.
C)a reformist movement.
D)a paradigm.

Accepted Answer

This description outlines a scientific revolution, specifically referring to the shift from the geocentric (Earth-centered) model of the universe to the heliocentric (Sun-centered) model proposed by Copernicus, which fundamentally changed human understanding of our place in the universe.

Question 19

White argued that an invention will come into being when the cultural base is capable of supporting an invention. White supported this conclusion by pointing to the existence of
A)simultaneous-independent inventions.
B)collaborative research.
C)the scientific method.
D)patents.

Accepted Answer

White's argument is supported by the phenomenon of simultaneous-independent inventions, which suggests that when a society or culture reaches a certain level of capability or knowledge, it becomes ripe for certain inventions to emerge, often independently in different places. This phenomenon indicates that the cultural base or societal readiness plays a crucial role in the emergence of new inventions.

Question 20

During World War II hundreds of thousands of soldiers were injured by machine gun shrapnel. The need to restore lost blood resulting from these injuries motivated doctors to create a system of collecting and preserving blood plasma. This dynamic supports the idea that
A)power resides in the position of physician.
B)conflict can lead to change.
C)paradigm shifts help people to see the world in new ways.
D)the actions of leaders influence who is in charge of a situation.

Accepted Answer

The creation of a system for collecting and preserving blood plasma in response to the high number of injuries demonstrates how conflict (World War II) led to significant changes in medical practices.

Quiz 16: Social Change: With Emphasis on Changing Environment

Marx believed that _________ was the first economic system capable of maximizing the immense productive potential of human labor and ingenuity.

Karl Marx argued that ________ "chases the bourgeoisie over the whole surface of the globe."

_______________ movements seek to turn back the hands of time to an earlier condition or state of being.

Each "upgrade" of the 1903 Wright Flyer (the first successful airplane) increased the airplane's capacity to fly farther, higher, faster, and with more passengers. Upgrades are equivalent to

_______________ is formed when a substantial number of people organize to change, to resist change, or undo change in some area of society.

Ralf Dahrendorf wrote "It is immeasurably difficult to trace the path on which a person…encounters other people just like himself, and at a certain point says 'Let us join hands, friends, so that no-one will push us off one by one.'" Dahrendorf was writing about

Thomas Kuhn defines a paradigm as

When a new paradigm causes converts to see the world in an entirely new light and wonder how they could possibly have taken the old paradigm seriously, _______ has occurred.

Anthropologist Leslie White maintained that inventions control people. He supported this conclusion with the argument that

The Petition Project seeks to challenge other social movements that demand reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. This desire to maintain an existing social order suggests that the Petition Project is a ____________________ movement.

A _______________ social movement seeks broad, sweeping and radical structural changes to a society's basic social institutions.

The explanatory value and hence the status of a paradigm is threatened by the existence of an anomaly. An anomaly is

Inventors may be geniuses, but they also must be born in the right place and at the right time; this means that

Leslie White maintains that if an invention is to come into being, the inventor must

Leslie White maintains that __________ is tied to the size of the cultural base.

"We invent the automobile to get us between two points faster, and suddenly we find we have to build new roads. And that means we have to invent traffic regulations... and then we have to invent a whole new organization called the highway patrol." This assessment supports the idea that

According to sociologist Ralf Dahrendorf, the structural origins of conflict can be traced to

White argued that an invention will come into being when the cultural base is capable of supporting an invention. White supported this conclusion by pointing to the existence of

During World War II hundreds of thousands of soldiers were injured by machine gun shrapnel. The need to restore lost blood resulting from these injuries motivated doctors to create a system of collecting and preserving blood plasma. This dynamic supports the idea that