Question 1

During a higher-order conditioning procedure, the presentation of a(n) _____ is followed by a(n) _____.
A) CS; NS
B) NS; CS
C) US; CS
D) NS; US

Accepted Answer

In higher-order conditioning, a neutral stimulus (NS) is presented before a conditioned stimulus (CS), which has already been associated with an unconditioned stimulus (US) to elicit a response. This process allows the NS to become a new CS by association.

Question 2

In higher-order conditioning, the response to the CS₂ is usually weaker than the response to the A) CS_3. B) CS_4. C) CS_1. D) Both a and b are correct.

Accepted Answer

In higher-order conditioning, the conditioned response to the original conditioned stimulus (CS1) is typically stronger than the response to any subsequent conditioned stimuli (CS2, CS3, etc.).

Question 3

Ben immediately takes a liking to Jan after learning that she is a friend of a famous pop artist whom he has always adored. This situation seems most analogous to the process of
A) US revaluation.
B) higher-order conditioning.
C) blocking.
D) temporal conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Higher-order conditioning occurs when a stimulus that was previously neutral becomes conditioned because it is associated with another conditioned stimulus. In this case, Jan becomes more likable to Ben because she is associated with someone he adores, similar to how a neutral stimulus can become conditioned by being associated with another conditioned stimulus.

Question 4

A sensory preconditioning experiment begins with the pairing of
A) two NSs.
B) two CSs.
C) an NS and a CS.
D) an NS and a US.

Accepted Answer

In a sensory preconditioning experiment, two neutral stimuli (NSs) are paired together before one of them is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) to create a conditioned stimulus (CS). This process demonstrates that the association between the two NSs can lead to a conditioned response even though only one of them was directly paired with the US.

Question 5

A CS established through _____ conditioning is likely to produce a stronger response than a CS established through _____ conditioning.
A) first-order; second-order
B) second-order; first-order
C) third-order; second-order
D) Both b and c are correct.

Accepted Answer

First-order conditioning typically results in a stronger conditioned response because it involves direct association with the unconditioned stimulus, whereas second-order conditioning involves an additional step, making the association weaker.

Question 6

Most of your colleagues have their coffee breaks in the staff lounge. One day, in the meeting room, a couple of them verbally attack you, causing you to feel quite anxious. Later that day, you also feel anxious when you are in the staff lounge, even though no one else is present. This example best illustrates
A) higher-order conditioning.
B) latent inhibition.
C) sensory preconditioning.
D) blocking.

Accepted Answer

This example illustrates sensory preconditioning because you first associated the meeting room (where the verbal attack happened) with anxiety, and then the staff lounge (linked to the meeting room through the context of work and social interactions) also becomes a trigger for anxiety, even in the absence of the colleagues who attacked you. This happens without a direct negative experience in the staff lounge itself, showing how an anxiety response can be transferred from one context to a related one.

Question 7

Which of the following can be viewed as a form of latent learning?
A) Blocking
B) Occasion setting
C) Sensory preconditioning
D) Overshadowing

Accepted Answer

Sensory preconditioning is a form of latent learning because it involves the association between two stimuli during a phase in which no obvious reinforcement is presented. The learning is revealed later when one of the stimuli is paired with a reinforcement, affecting the response to the other stimulus. This process demonstrates learning that has occurred without reinforcement, which is latent until a specific condition reveals it.

Question 8

Consider the following sequence of events: (1) [A + B]; (2) B: C -> D; (3) B -> D; (4) A -> D. This is most similar to the process of
A) overshadowing.
B) blocking.
C) US revaluation.
D) sensory preconditioning.

Accepted Answer

Sensory preconditioning is a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus (A) is paired with a meaningful stimulus (B) that elicits a response (C). After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus (A) alone can elicit the response (D). This is similar to the sequence of events given in the question, where A is paired with B, B elicits a response (C), and then A alone elicits the response (D).

Question 9

Allana is not bothered much by loud noises or lots of activity. In fact, she rather enjoys it. According to Eysenck (1957), she is most likely a(n) _____ who is likely to condition _____.
A) extrovert; easily
B) introvert; poorly
C) extrovert; poorly
D) Both a and b are correct.

Accepted Answer

Eysenck's theory suggests that extroverts have a lower baseline level of cortical arousal, which makes them seek out stimulating environments, but this same trait makes them condition poorly compared to introverts, who have higher baseline arousal and condition more easily.

Question 10

According to Eysenck, extroverts typically _____ than introverts.
A) condition more easily
B) are more reactive to external stimulation
C) are less reactive to external stimulation
D) Both a and b are correct.

Accepted Answer

Eysenck's theory suggests that extroverts are less reactive to external stimulation due to their lower baseline level of cortical arousal, which leads them to seek out more stimulating environments.

Question 11

In _____, a CS₂ is used in place of a CS₁ to condition the same CR. A) sensory preconditioning B) blocking C) occasion setting D) higher-order conditioning

Accepted Answer

In higher-order conditioning, a new conditioned stimulus (CS2) is paired with an already established conditioned stimulus (CS1) to elicit the same conditioned response (CR).

Question 12

Consider the following sequence of events: (1) A: B ->C; (2) A -> C; (3) D: A -> C; (4) D -> C. This is most similar to
A) sensory preconditioning.
B) higher-order conditioning.
C) occasion setting.
D) latent inhibition.

Accepted Answer

Higher-order conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus that has already been paired with an unconditioned stimulus. In this case, A is the neutral stimulus, B is the conditioned stimulus, and C is the unconditioned stimulus. In event (1), A is paired with B, and in event (2), A is paired with C. In event (3), D is paired with A, and in event (4), D is paired with C. This is an example of higher-order conditioning because D is able to elicit a conditioned response (pairing with C) even though it has never been directly paired with the unconditioned stimulus (C).

Question 13

Sam refuses to talk to Bobbi ever since he saw her holding hands with the person who used to harass him in the sixth grade. This situation seems most analogous to the process of
A) US reevaluation.
B) dishabituation.
C) higher-order conditioning.
D) temporal conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Higher-order conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus. In this case, Bobbi (new neutral stimulus) is associated with the person who harassed Sam (original conditioned stimulus), leading to Sam's negative reaction towards Bobbi, similar to higher-order conditioning.

Question 14

In _____, the response to the CS 2 is usually _____ than the response to the CS 1 .
A) occasion setting; weaker
B) sensory preconditioning; weaker
C) blocking; stronger
D) latent inhibition; stronger

Accepted Answer

In sensory preconditioning, the response to the second conditioned stimulus (CS 2) is usually weaker than the response to the first conditioned stimulus (CS 1) because CS 2 is indirectly associated with the unconditioned stimulus through CS 1.

Question 15

According to Eysenck, the behavior of psychopaths tends to be
A) easy to condition.
B) difficult to condition.
C) easy to condition with visual but not auditory stimuli.
D) prone to conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Eysenck theorized that psychopaths have a lower level of arousal and are therefore more difficult to condition. This is because they do not respond to stimuli, including punishment, in the same way that non-psychopathic individuals do, making it harder to modify their behavior through conditioning.

Question 16

In _____, when one stimulus becomes a CS, another stimulus with which it was previously paired can also become a CS.
A) higher-order conditioning
B) overshadowing
C) US revaluation
D) sensory preconditioning

Accepted Answer

In sensory preconditioning, two neutral stimuli are paired together, and then one is conditioned to become a CS. The other stimulus can also become a CS due to their prior association.

Question 17

When large companies hire famous people for their advertising campaigns, they hope to elicit positive emotional responses from the public through the process of
A) higher-order conditioning.
B) sensory preconditioning.
C) overshadowing.
D) US revaluation.

Accepted Answer

Higher-order conditioning involves a stimulus that's already been conditioned to elicit a response (in this case, the positive emotions or feelings the public has towards the famous person) being used to condition a response to another stimulus (the company's product or brand). This process leverages the existing positive associations with the celebrity to create a favorable response to the product.

Question 18

When third-order conditioning is obtained, the conditioned response to a third-order conditioned stimulus (the CS₃) is likely to be A) stronger than the CS₁. B) quite weak. C) very intense. D) stronger than the CS_2.

Accepted Answer

Third-order conditioning involves a stimulus that is twice removed from the unconditioned stimulus, leading to a weaker conditioned response compared to first- or second-order conditioning.

Question 19

When Juan's childhood friend became a famous movie star, Juan also became something of a town celebrity. This is most analogous to the process of
A) sensory preconditioning.
B) higher-order conditioning.
C) overshadowing.
D) latent inhibition.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When Juan's childhood friend became a famous...

Question 20

In _____, a stimulus that is associated with a CS can also become a CS.
A) higher-order conditioning
B) sensory preconditioning
C) occasion setting
D) overshadowing

Accepted Answer

In higher-order conditioning, a stimulus that is associated with a conditioned stimulus (CS) can itself become a conditioned stimulus (CS).

Quiz 4: Classical Conditioning Basic Phenomena and Various Complexities

During a higher-order conditioning procedure, the presentation of a(n) _ is followed by a(n) _.

In higher-order conditioning, the response to the CS₂ is usually weaker than the response to the

Ben immediately takes a liking to Jan after learning that she is a friend of a famous pop artist whom he has always adored. This situation seems most analogous to the process of

A sensory preconditioning experiment begins with the pairing of

A CS established through _ conditioning is likely to produce a stronger response than a CS established through _ conditioning.

Which of the following can be viewed as a form of latent learning?

Consider the following sequence of events: (1) [A + B]; (2) B: C -> D; (3) B -> D; (4) A -> D. This is most similar to the process of

Allana is not bothered much by loud noises or lots of activity. In fact, she rather enjoys it. According to Eysenck (1957) , she is most likely a(n) _ who is likely to condition _.

According to Eysenck, extroverts typically _____ than introverts.

In _____, a CS₂ is used in place of a CS₁ to condition the same CR.

Consider the following sequence of events: (1) A: B ->C; (2) A -> C; (3) D: A -> C; (4) D -> C. This is most similar to

Sam refuses to talk to Bobbi ever since he saw her holding hands with the person who used to harass him in the sixth grade. This situation seems most analogous to the process of

In _, the response to the CS 2 is usually _ than the response to the CS 1 .

According to Eysenck, the behavior of psychopaths tends to be

In _____, when one stimulus becomes a CS, another stimulus with which it was previously paired can also become a CS.

When large companies hire famous people for their advertising campaigns, they hope to elicit positive emotional responses from the public through the process of

When third-order conditioning is obtained, the conditioned response to a third-order conditioned stimulus (the CS₃) is likely to be

When Juan's childhood friend became a famous movie star, Juan also became something of a town celebrity. This is most analogous to the process of

In _____, a stimulus that is associated with a CS can also become a CS.