Question 1

The linguistic relativity hypothesis has
A)yet to be tested experimentally.
B)been tested experimentally and soundly rejected.
C)received support in recent experimental studies.
D)been tested experimentally and wholeheartedly endorsed.

Accepted Answer

The linguistic relativity hypothesis, also known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, has received support in recent experimental studies, which suggest that the language one speaks can influence one's perception and categorization of the world.

Question 2

If you tend to persist in using the same problem-solving strategy time after time, you are evidencing a(n)
A)delusion.
B)illusion.
C)mental set.
D)generic insight.

Accepted Answer

A mental set is a tendency to approach situations in a certain way because that method has worked in the past, indicating a fixed pattern of thinking.

Question 3

Eva just upgraded her software package. However, even though the updated version contains a number of more efficient methods for working with files, Eva continues to work with files the way she did before the upgrade. In this case, Eva is showing evidence of ​
A)mental set.
B)belief perseverance.
C)priming.
D)the availability heuristic.

Accepted Answer

Eva is showing evidence of a mental set, which is a tendency to approach situations in a certain way because that method has worked in the past. Despite the availability of more efficient methods in the upgraded software, she continues to use her familiar methods.

Question 4

Series-completion problems are examples of which of the following of Greeno's (1978) categories?
A)Inducing structure
B)Arrangement
C)Transformation
D)Recategorization

Accepted Answer

Series-completion problems fall under the category of "Inducing structure" according to Greeno's classification, as they involve identifying the underlying pattern or structure that governs the series.

Question 5

In which of the following classes of problems is it necessary to carry out a sequence of actions in order to solve the problem?
A)Inducing structure
B)Probability
C)Transformation
D)Arrangement

Accepted Answer

Transformation problems require carrying out a sequence of actions to solve the problem, such as moving from an initial state to a goal state through a series of steps.

Question 6

Imagine that anthropologists found a culture that had over 80 different words for rice. If researchers also found that the people in this culture thought about rice in different and more elaborate ways than people who have only one word for rice, it would
A)provide evidence that the linguistic relativity hypothesis is incorrect.
B)support social communication theory.
C)support the linguistic relativity hypothesis.
D)provide evidence that the social communication theory is incorrect.

Accepted Answer

The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that the language we speak influences how we think about the world. Finding a culture with many words for rice and more elaborate thoughts about it supports this hypothesis, as it implies that the language's complexity in this area shapes more nuanced thinking.

Question 7

People often find it difficult to solve a problem by using a familiar object in a novel way because of ​
A)a mental set.
B)unnecessary constraints.
C)irrelevant information.
D)functional fixedness.

Accepted Answer

Functional fixedness is the cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used, which can hinder the ability to solve problems by using familiar objects in novel ways.

Question 8

Which of the following classes of problems involves discovering the relations among the parts of the problem?
A)Transformation
B)Probability
C)Inducing structure
D)Arrangement

Accepted Answer

Inducing structure problems involve identifying the underlying structure or pattern among the components of the problem, which is essential for discovering the relations among the parts.

Question 9

Greeno referred to problems where individuals need to carry out a sequence of changes in order to reach a specific goal as an example of a problem of ​
A)arrangement.
B)transformation.
C)inducing structure.
D)cognition.

Accepted Answer

Greeno referred to problems that require individuals to carry out a sequence of changes to reach a specific goal as transformation problems. These involve transforming the initial state into the goal state through a series of steps or operations.

Question 10

Since one of the main goals of playing Scrabble is to use your letters to form long words (the longer the word, the more points you score), Scrabble can BEST be described as a game that involves a problem of ​
A)arrangement.
B)transformation.
C)functional fixedness.
D)inducing structure.

Accepted Answer

Scrabble involves arranging letters to form words, which directly relates to the concept of arrangement in problem-solving.

Question 11

Especially when solving problems containing numerical information, ​
A)it is safe to assume that all of the information will be needed to solve the problem.
B)it is a good idea to start by trying to figure out how to use the numerical information.
C)you should start by figuring out which information is relevant to the problem.
D)insight will typically produce the fastest, most accurate solution to the problem.

Accepted Answer

Starting by identifying which information is relevant helps focus efforts on what matters, improving efficiency and accuracy in problem-solving.

Question 12

The entrance exam that Jaclyn is taking for graduate school has a number of questions, such as glove is to hand as sock is to . Questions of this type are considered to be ​
A)problems of arrangement.
B)problems of transformation.
C)problems of inducing structure.
D)ill-defined problems.

Accepted Answer

These questions are considered problems of inducing structure because they require the examinee to understand the relationship between the first pair of words and then apply the same or a similar relationship to complete the second pair.

Question 13

You have a pair of pliers and a bag of nuts in the shell. You believe you can't shell the nuts because you do not have a nutcracker. Your inability to perceive the pliers as a makeshift nutcracker demonstrates _____ on your part.
A)functional fixedness
B)mental set
C)insight insufficiency
D)heuristic reasoning

Accepted Answer

Functional fixedness is the inability to see an object being used for something other than what it was designed for. In this case, not recognizing pliers can serve as a makeshift nutcracker is an example of functional fixedness.

Question 14

Rylee's algebra teacher is amazed at the creativity Rylee shows in solving homework problems. He seldom uses the same method on two consecutive problems, even when the problems are very similar in content and structure. Although Rylee makes lots of mistakes in algebra, he is unlikely to experience
A)overregularization in his problem solving.
B)mental set in his problem solving.
C)functional fixedness in his problem solving.
D)noncompensatory problem solving.

Accepted Answer

Rylee's tendency to use different methods for similar problems suggests he is not likely to experience a mental set, which is the tendency to approach problems using a mindset that has worked previously.

Question 15

People often assume that it is necessary to use all the numerical information provided in a problem in order to solve the problem. In reality, numerical information sometimes makes it more difficult to solve a problem because the information ​
A)results in a mental set.
B)puts unnecessary constraints on the problem solver.
C)may be irrelevant.
D)encourages functional fixedness.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is C because numerical information that is not relevant to solving the problem can distract or mislead the problem solver, making it harder to find the solution. This irrelevant information does not necessarily create a mental set, put constraints, or encourage functional fixedness, but rather serves as unnecessary or misleading details.

Question 16

Claudia wants to send a fragile vase to her parents for their anniversary, but she can't find any appropriate packing material in her house. She decides to pop some popcorn and use that to pack around the vase. In this case, Claudia has ​
A)demonstrated functional fixedness in solving her problem. ​
B)effectively utilized the availability heuristic in solving her problem.
C)overcome functional fixedness in solving her problem.
D)utilized an elimination-by-aspects strategy to solve her problem.

Accepted Answer

Claudia has overcome functional fixedness by using popcorn, an item not traditionally used for packing, to protect the vase. Functional fixedness is the inability to see an object being used for something other than what it is designed for. By using popcorn as packing material, Claudia demonstrates the ability to think beyond the conventional uses of objects.

Question 17

Functional fixedness refers to
A)continued use of problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past.
B)arriving at a particularly insightful solution to a problem.
C)focusing on information that is irrelevant to the solution of the problem.
D)the tendency to see an item only in terms of its most common use.

Accepted Answer

Functional fixedness is a cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used, which can hinder the process of solving a problem by not considering alternative uses for the objects available.

Question 18

Analogy problems such as "Mickey Mouse is to Minnie Mouse as Donald Duck is to " are problems of
A)inducing structure.
B)transformation.
C)mental set.
D)arrangement.

Accepted Answer

Analogy problems involve recognizing a relationship between two elements and finding a parallel relationship between another set of elements, which is a process of inducing structure.

Question 19

Marie received a puzzle that has three pegs as a present for her birthday. To solve the puzzle, a person is required to move nine disks from the center peg to one of the outside pegs. However, only one disk can be moved at a time, and a larger disk can never be placed on top of a smaller disk. Marie's puzzle is an example of a(n)
A)problem of transformation.
B)problem of arrangement.
C)problem of inducing structure.
D)ill-defined problem.

Accepted Answer

This puzzle is a classic example of a problem of transformation, where the goal is to move an object (or set of objects) from one state to another, following a set of rules. In this case, the disks must be moved from one peg to another with the constraints that only one disk can be moved at a time and a larger disk cannot be placed on a smaller disk.

Question 20

Reorganizing the letters "OSHUE" to form an English word is an example of an anagram, which constitutes a problem of ​
A)inducing structure. ​
B)lexical analysis.
C)transformation.
D)arrangement.

Accepted Answer

Reorganizing letters to form a word is an example of an arrangement problem, where the task is to arrange or reorder elements (in this case, letters) into a correct or coherent structure (a meaningful word).

Quiz 8: Cognition and Intelligence

The linguistic relativity hypothesis has

If you tend to persist in using the same problem-solving strategy time after time, you are evidencing a(n)

Eva just upgraded her software package. However, even though the updated version contains a number of more efficient methods for working with files, Eva continues to work with files the way she did before the upgrade. In this case, Eva is showing evidence of

Series-completion problems are examples of which of the following of Greeno's (1978) categories?

In which of the following classes of problems is it necessary to carry out a sequence of actions in order to solve the problem?

Imagine that anthropologists found a culture that had over 80 different words for rice. If researchers also found that the people in this culture thought about rice in different and more elaborate ways than people who have only one word for rice, it would

People often find it difficult to solve a problem by using a familiar object in a novel way because of

Which of the following classes of problems involves discovering the relations among the parts of the problem?

Greeno referred to problems where individuals need to carry out a sequence of changes in order to reach a specific goal as an example of a problem of

Since one of the main goals of playing Scrabble is to use your letters to form long words (the longer the word, the more points you score) , Scrabble can BEST be described as a game that involves a problem of

Especially when solving problems containing numerical information,

The entrance exam that Jaclyn is taking for graduate school has a number of questions, such as glove is to hand as sock is to . Questions of this type are considered to be

You have a pair of pliers and a bag of nuts in the shell. You believe you can't shell the nuts because you do not have a nutcracker. Your inability to perceive the pliers as a makeshift nutcracker demonstrates _____ on your part.

Rylee's algebra teacher is amazed at the creativity Rylee shows in solving homework problems. He seldom uses the same method on two consecutive problems, even when the problems are very similar in content and structure. Although Rylee makes lots of mistakes in algebra, he is unlikely to experience

People often assume that it is necessary to use all the numerical information provided in a problem in order to solve the problem. In reality, numerical information sometimes makes it more difficult to solve a problem because the information

Claudia wants to send a fragile vase to her parents for their anniversary, but she can't find any appropriate packing material in her house. She decides to pop some popcorn and use that to pack around the vase. In this case, Claudia has

Functional fixedness refers to

Analogy problems such as "Mickey Mouse is to Minnie Mouse as Donald Duck is to " are problems of

Reorganizing the letters "OSHUE" to form an English word is an example of an anagram, which constitutes a problem of

Quiz 8: Cognition and Intelligence

The linguistic relativity hypothesis has

If you tend to persist in using the same problem-solving strategy time after time, you are evidencing a(n)

Eva just upgraded her software package. However, even though the updated version contains a number of more efficient methods for working with files, Eva continues to work with files the way she did before the upgrade. In this case, Eva is showing evidence of ​

Series-completion problems are examples of which of the following of Greeno's (1978) categories?

In which of the following classes of problems is it necessary to carry out a sequence of actions in order to solve the problem?

Imagine that anthropologists found a culture that had over 80 different words for rice. If researchers also found that the people in this culture thought about rice in different and more elaborate ways than people who have only one word for rice, it would

People often find it difficult to solve a problem by using a familiar object in a novel way because of ​

Which of the following classes of problems involves discovering the relations among the parts of the problem?

Greeno referred to problems where individuals need to carry out a sequence of changes in order to reach a specific goal as an example of a problem of ​

Since one of the main goals of playing Scrabble is to use your letters to form long words (the longer the word, the more points you score) , Scrabble can BEST be described as a game that involves a problem of ​

Especially when solving problems containing numerical information, ​

The entrance exam that Jaclyn is taking for graduate school has a number of questions, such as glove is to hand as sock is to . Questions of this type are considered to be ​