Question 1

Research on genetic linkage typically assumes:
A) Genetic contributions only
B) Environmental contributions only
C) Gene-environment interaction
D) Research is unclear about the contributions to genetic linkage

Accepted Answer

Genetic linkage research typically assumes gene-environment interaction, meaning that both genetic and environmental factors influence the expression of traits. This interaction can affect the extent to which genes are linked and how they behave in inheritance patterns. Therefore, genetic linkage research considers the interplay between genes and the environment.

Question 2

Linkage analysis is a method in molecular genetics used to?
A) Study rare disorders
B) Identify the specific genes that cause mental illness
C) Identify genetic markers related to psychopathology
D) Study the gene-environment interactions

Accepted Answer

Linkage analysis is used to identify genetic markers that are co-inherited with a trait or disorder, helping to locate genes associated with that trait, such as those related to psychopathology.

Question 3

Neurotransmitters
A) deliver nerve impulse information across the synapse.
B) allow for the detection of brain activity, through measures such as EEG.
C) transmit genetic information from parents to offspring.
D) block the flow of information and contribute to behavioural problems.

Accepted Answer

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are released by neurons and facilitate the transmission of nerve impulses across the synapse to other neurons, muscles or glands.

Question 4

Recent research has demonstrated the use of linkage analysis. Zai and colleagues (2006) in Toronto found an association between obsessive-compulsive disorder and a _______ gene.
A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) norepinephrine
D) GABA

Accepted Answer

The answer of Recent research has demonstrated the use of...

Question 5

A study of genetic linkage in adolescents and young adults found that a locus on chromosome 9 is associated with enhanced risk for:
A) Depression
B) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
C) Internalizing disorders
D) Externalizing disorders

Accepted Answer

The answer of A study of genetic linkage in adolescents...

Question 6

A genetic explanation of schizophrenia would be supported by which of the following choices?
A) Higher concordance between MZ than DZ twins.
B) Similar concordance rate between MZ and DZ twins
C) Relatives of someone with schizophrenia are no more likely to have schizophrenia than anyone else.
D) MZ twins reared together are likely to share the disorder.

Accepted Answer

A higher concordance between MZ than DZ twins suggests a genetic influence on schizophrenia.

Question 7

The family method refers to
A) identifying the gene(s) believed to cause inherited disorders.
B) comparing the incidence of disorders in other members of a family.
C) examining twins raised apart.
D) examining phenotypes of nuclear families.

Accepted Answer

The family method involves comparing the incidence of a particular disorder in other members of a family to determine if there is a genetic component to the disorder. This method can help identify if the disorder is inherited and if so, the mode of inheritance.

Question 8

) A nerve impulse is:
A) The gap between sending and receiving brain cells
B) A change in electric potential within the cell
C) The genotypic features of the cell
D) A group of chemical substances called neurotransmitters

Accepted Answer

A nerve impulse is a change in electric potential within the cell, which allows for the transmission of signals between neurons. It is not the gap between sending and receiving brain cells, the genotypic features of the cell, or a group of chemical substances.

Question 9

The reabsorption of a neurotransmitter after it has performed its function is called ________. It prevents further activity of the neurotransmitter.
A) synapse
B) reuptake
C) anabolism
D) neuromodulators

Accepted Answer

The reabsorption of a neurotransmitter after it has performed its function is called reuptake. Choice A (synapse) refers to the gap between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released. Choice C (anabolism) refers to the process of building up molecules. Choice D (neuromodulators) are substances that can modulate the activity of neurotransmitters but do not reabsorb them.

Question 10

Tannock and her colleagues from the Hospital For Sick Children in Toronto argue that the following is involved in the development of ADHD:
A) There are deficits in temporal processing.
B) There is a specific abnormality in the reward-related circuitry of the brain.
C) There are deficits in working memory.
D) All of the above.

Accepted Answer

Tannock and her colleagues argue that deficits in temporal processing, abnormality in the reward-related circuitry of the brain, and deficits in working memory are all involved in the development of ADHD.

Question 11

The small gap between brain cells that is involved in message transmission is called the:
A) Neurotransmitter
B) Axon
C) Ganglion
D) Synapse

Accepted Answer

The small gap between brain cells that is involved in message transmission is called the synapse. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as neurotransmitter refers to the chemical substance that is released by neurons to send signals to other cells, axon refers to the long fiber that extends from a neuron's cell body and conducts electrical impulses away from it, and ganglion refers to a group of nerve cells located outside the brain and spinal cord.

Question 12

The authors of your textbook conclude that the results of a recent Canadian survey on the causes of illness, both physical and mental:
A) Are encouraging as they show that 3 out of 5 Canadians believe that genetic factors are a significant factor in the development of health and mental health problems.
B) Are discouraging as they show that 3 out of 5 Canadians believe that genetic factors are a significant factor in the development of health and mental health problems.
C) Were inconclusive as they show that 3 out of 5 Canadians believe that genetic factors are a significant factor in the development of health and mental health problems.
D) Were inconclusive as they show that 2 out of 5 Canadians believe that genetic factors are a significant factor in the development of health and mental health problems.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The authors of your textbook conclude that...

Question 13

The behaviour genetic view suggests which of the following relations between genes and abnormal behaviour?
A) Genetic predispositions increase the likelihood of abnormal behaviour.
B) It is possible and reasonable to manipulate an individual's genes.
C) Twins, mono or dizygotic, are more likely to exhibit abnormal behaviour.
D) Abnormal behaviour is solely the result of environmental influences on genetics

Accepted Answer

The behaviour genetic view suggests that genetic predispositions increase the likelihood of abnormal behaviour. However, it does not suggest that abnormal behaviour is solely the result of genetics, as environmental factors can also play a role. It also does not suggest that manipulating an individual's genes is reasonable or ethical. While twin studies may be used to provide evidence for the influence of genetics on abnormal behaviour, the view does not suggest that twins are inherently more likely to exhibit abnormal behaviour.

Question 14

Mental disorders can be the result of
A) an abundance of receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
B) excesses of different neurotransmitters, such as dopamine.
C) deficiencies in different neurotransmitters, such as serotonin.
D) any of the above.

Accepted Answer

Mental disorders can be caused by an abundance or deficiency of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin, as well as an abundance of receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. Therefore, any of the above choices can be the result of mental disorders.

Question 15

Concordance for disorders should be greater for ______________ than ______________ if there is a genetic predisposition for the condition.
A) monozygotic; dizygotic pairs
B) genotypic; phenotypic pairs
C) dizygotic; monozygotic pairs
D) phenotypic; genotypic pairs

Accepted Answer

Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genetic material, while dizygotic twins only share around 50%. Therefore, if a disorder has a genetic basis, we would expect to see a higher concordance rate (both twins having the disorder) in monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins.

Question 16

) Molecular genetics is an approach that:
A) ompares the level of genetic overlap between individuals with the same disorder.
B) Studies the differences in behaviour that are attributable to genetic makeup.
C) Allows for the identification of the level of similarity of genes between relatives.
D) Identifies a particular gene or genes involved in the development of disorders.

Accepted Answer

Molecular genetics focuses on identifying specific genes that are involved in the development of disorders.

Question 17

An investigator finds that the concordance rate for bipolar disorder is higher among monozygotic twins than for dizygotic twins. Which would be an incorrect conclusion on the basis of this finding?
A) Bipolar disorder is partially inherited.
B) Bipolar disorder is learned through interactions and observations of family members.
C) Genetics play no role in bipolar disorder.
D) Identical twins may not be treated in the same way as nonidentical twins.

Accepted Answer

The finding of a higher concordance rate for bipolar disorder among monozygotic twins than for dizygotic twins suggests a genetic component to the disorder. Therefore, the conclusion that genetics play no role in bipolar disorder would be incorrect. Option B is also incorrect because the finding suggests that genetics play a role in bipolar disorder, rather than the disorder being solely learned through interactions and observations of family members. Option D is irrelevant and does not relate to the conclusion drawn from the finding.

Question 18

Which of the following is another term for an index case?
A) Genotype
B) Phenotype
C) Proband
D) Zygote

Accepted Answer

Proband is another term for an index case, which refers to the first case of a disease or condition in a population or family that is brought to the attention of medical professionals. Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual, while phenotype refers to the physical and biochemical characteristics that result from an individual's genotype. Zygote refers to a cell resulting from the fusion of two gametes (sperm and egg) during fertilization.

Question 19

Current theory and research on ADHD indicates that:
A) The lateral area of the prefrontal cortex is the most significant area of the brain involved in ADHD.
B) Significant reductions in volume of the cerebrum and cerebellum are potentially involved.
C) Delays of up to 7 years in the maturation of the cortex have been related to ADHD.
D) ADHD may be due to an excess of dopamine.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Current theory and research on ADHD indicates...

Question 20

Determining the influence of being raised by disordered parents, and eliminating that influence in behaviour genetics research is accomplished by the ___________ method.
A) twin
B) adoptee
C) family
D) spouse

Accepted Answer

The adoptee method is the best choice for determining the influence of being raised by disordered parents and eliminating that influence in behaviour genetics research. This is because adoptees are raised by parents who are not biologically related to them, thus any influence on their behaviour cannot be attributed to genetics but instead to the environment they were raised in.

Quiz 2: Current Paradigms and Integrative Approaches

Research on genetic linkage typically assumes:

Linkage analysis is a method in molecular genetics used to?

Neurotransmitters

Recent research has demonstrated the use of linkage analysis. Zai and colleagues (2006) in Toronto found an association between obsessive-compulsive disorder and a _______ gene.

A study of genetic linkage in adolescents and young adults found that a locus on chromosome 9 is associated with enhanced risk for:

A genetic explanation of schizophrenia would be supported by which of the following choices?

The family method refers to

) A nerve impulse is:

The reabsorption of a neurotransmitter after it has performed its function is called ________. It prevents further activity of the neurotransmitter.

Tannock and her colleagues from the Hospital For Sick Children in Toronto argue that the following is involved in the development of ADHD:

The small gap between brain cells that is involved in message transmission is called the:

The authors of your textbook conclude that the results of a recent Canadian survey on the causes of illness, both physical and mental:

The behaviour genetic view suggests which of the following relations between genes and abnormal behaviour?

Mental disorders can be the result of

Concordance for disorders should be greater for than if there is a genetic predisposition for the condition.

) Molecular genetics is an approach that:

An investigator finds that the concordance rate for bipolar disorder is higher among monozygotic twins than for dizygotic twins. Which would be an incorrect conclusion on the basis of this finding?

Which of the following is another term for an index case?

Current theory and research on ADHD indicates that:

Determining the influence of being raised by disordered parents, and eliminating that influence in behaviour genetics research is accomplished by the ___________ method.