Question 1

Another name for data transformation is ____.
A) index analysis
B) data conversion
C) quadrant analysis
D) data exchange

Accepted Answer

Data transformation involves converting data from one format or structure to another. Hence, data conversion is the most appropriate alternative name for data transformation. Index analysis involves analyzing stock or bond indexes; quadrant analysis involves dividing data into four quadrants for analysis, and data exchange refers to the sharing of data between different systems or applications. None of these terms is an appropriate alternative name for data transformation.

Question 2

The orderly arrangement of data into a summary form is known as ____________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The orderly arrangement of data into a...

Question 3

Which type of error occurs when the researcher concludes a relationship exists, when in fact one does not exist?
A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type A
D) Type B

Accepted Answer

Type I error occurs when the researcher falsely rejects a true null hypothesis, in other words, the researcher concludes that a relationship exists when in fact one does not.

Question 4

When a third variable is included in an analysis and that third variable changes the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable in an important way, the third variable is called a(n) ____.
A) spurious variable
B) moderator variable
C) contingency variable
D) outlier variable

Accepted Answer

A moderator variable is a third variable that affects the strength and/or direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. It is not spurious, as it is actually impacting the relationship of interest, and it is not just a contingency variable, which implies a conditional relationship rather than a direct impact on the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. An outlier variable would refer to individual data points that are extremely different from the rest and may be influential on the analysis, but it does not describe the impact of a third variable on the relationship between the variables in question.

Question 5

When a researcher combines the "Strongly Disagree" and "Disagree" responses on a Likert scale item to a single "Strongly Disagree/Disagree" percentage, the researcher is using ____.
A) data indexing
B) collapsing the data
C) the outlier effect
D) a box and whisker plot

Accepted Answer

Collapsing the data refers to combining or grouping responses on a Likert scale (such as combining "Strongly Disagree" and "Disagree" into one category) to simplify data analysis. This is a common technique used in analyzing survey data. Data indexing refers to assigning a numerical score to each response on the Likert scale, which is not what is being done in this case. The outlier effect refers to the effect of extreme scores on the overall data distribution and is not relevant to this situation. A box and whisker plot is a type of graphical representation of data and is also not relevant to this situation.

Question 6

The appropriate technique for addressing a research question involving relationships among multiple less-than interval variables is ____________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The appropriate technique for addressing a research...

Question 7

The arrangement of data into a row-and-column format that gives the number of responses for each category of the variable is known as a(n) ____________________ table.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The arrangement of data into a row-and-column...

Question 8

Which type of statistical analysis tests hypotheses involving only one variable?
A) primary statistical analysis
B) bivariate statistical analysis
C) univariate statistical analysis
D) monovariate statistical analysis

Accepted Answer

Univariate statistical analysis tests hypotheses involving only one variable.

Question 9

When a researcher sets an acceptable significance level a priori, the researcher is determining how much tolerance will be allowed for a ____ error.
A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type A
D) Type B

Accepted Answer

Setting an acceptable significance level a priori determines how much tolerance will be allowed for a Type I error. A Type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true.

Question 10

The error caused by rejecting the null hypothesis when it is, in fact, true is called a ____.
A) Type II error
B) confidence level error
C) confidence interval error
D) Type I error

Accepted Answer

A Type I error is the rejection of the null hypothesis when it is actually true. This is also known as a false positive.

Question 11

Data with a(n) ____ distribution are appropriate for division based on the median split.
A) normal
B) unimodal
C) bimodal
D) uniform

Accepted Answer

Data with a bimodal distribution are appropriate for division based on the median split because a bimodal distribution has two distinct peaks, indicating two dominant groups within the dataset. Splitting the data at the median can help separate these groups for analysis.

Question 12

When sample size (n) is larger than ____, the t-distribution and Z-distribution are almost identical.
A) 10
B) 20
C) 25
D) 30

Accepted Answer

When n is larger than 30, the t-distribution and Z-distribution are almost identical. This is because as the sample size increases, the standard error of the mean decreases and the t-distribution approaches the normal distribution (Z-distribution), which has a constant standard deviation of 1.

Question 13

A researcher is reviewing average household income data and sees that one household reported an annual income of over $1 million. This value lies outside the normal range of the data and is called a(n) ____.
A) abnormality
B) marginality
C) outlier
D) quartile

Accepted Answer

An outlier is a data point that falls outside the normal range of the rest of the data. In this case, the household with an annual income of over $1 million is the outlier because it is significantly higher than the rest of the reported incomes. Options A and B do not accurately describe the situation, and option D is related to a different concept (dividing a set of data into four equal parts).

Question 14

A graph in which the height of a bar indicates the frequency with which that category occurred is called a(n) ____________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A graph in which the height of...

Question 15

When a respondent's answers to ten Likert-scale items are added up to form a total subtest score for these questions, ____ is being used.
A) data indexing
B) data transformation
C) contingency analysis
D) data indexing.

Accepted Answer

Data transformation is being used when a respondent's answers to ten Likert-scale items are added up to form a total subtest score for these questions. This is because the individual Likert-scale items are being combined into a single score, which is a form of data transformation. Data indexing is not a valid term, and contingency analysis involves examining the relationship between two categorical variables, which is not relevant to this scenario.

Question 16

When tabulation is done by hand to create a frequency table, the data are said to be ____________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When tabulation is done by hand to...

Question 17

Scores or observations recalibrated to indicate how they relate to a base number are referred to as ____.
A) index numbers
B) rank orders
C) elaborated numbers
D) real numbers

Accepted Answer

Index numbers are commonly used in economics and statistics to express changes in variables over time. They are often represented as a percentage or ratio of the variable relative to a base year or period.

Question 18

Failing to identify a hypothesized difference using a sample result when a difference really does exist in the population is a ____ error.
A) primary
B) secondary
C) Type I
D) Type II

Accepted Answer

Failing to identify a hypothesized difference when one actually exists in the population is known as a Type II error. This occurs when the null hypothesis is incorrectly accepted.

Question 19

It is hypothesized that an individual's style of processing information (i.e., verbal or visual) will influence the impact of advertising on attitudes toward the brand being advertised. Style of processing, then, is considered which type of variable?
A) dependent variable
B) external variable
C) internal variable
D) moderating variable

Accepted Answer

Style of processing is being considered as a factor that can influence the relationship between advertising and attitudes towards the brand being advertised. This makes it a moderating variable, which is a type of independent variable that affects the relationship between another independent variable (advertising) and a dependent variable (attitudes towards the brand). The other options are not applicable as style of processing is not the dependent variable, external variable, or internal variable in this hypothesis.

Question 20

The use of index numbers requires the ____ level of measurement.
A) nominal
B) interval
C) ratio
D) ranked

Accepted Answer

Index numbers involve the measurement of relative change, which requires a reference point or a benchmark. Since ratio level of measurement provides a true zero point, it is suitable for calculating index numbers. Nominal level only provides categorical information, ranked level lacks a standardized unit of measurement, and interval level has no true zero point.

Quiz 14: Basic Data Analysis

Another name for data transformation is ____.

The orderly arrangement of data into a summary form is known as ____________________.

Which type of error occurs when the researcher concludes a relationship exists, when in fact one does not exist?

When a third variable is included in an analysis and that third variable changes the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable in an important way, the third variable is called a(n) ____.

When a researcher combines the "Strongly Disagree" and "Disagree" responses on a Likert scale item to a single "Strongly Disagree/Disagree" percentage, the researcher is using ____.

The appropriate technique for addressing a research question involving relationships among multiple less-than interval variables is ____________________.

The arrangement of data into a row-and-column format that gives the number of responses for each category of the variable is known as a(n) ____________________ table.

Which type of statistical analysis tests hypotheses involving only one variable?

When a researcher sets an acceptable significance level a priori, the researcher is determining how much tolerance will be allowed for a ____ error.

The error caused by rejecting the null hypothesis when it is, in fact, true is called a ____.

Data with a(n) ____ distribution are appropriate for division based on the median split.

When sample size (n) is larger than ____, the t-distribution and Z-distribution are almost identical.

A researcher is reviewing average household income data and sees that one household reported an annual income of over $1 million. This value lies outside the normal range of the data and is called a(n) ____.

A graph in which the height of a bar indicates the frequency with which that category occurred is called a(n) ____________________.

When a respondent's answers to ten Likert-scale items are added up to form a total subtest score for these questions, ____ is being used.

When tabulation is done by hand to create a frequency table, the data are said to be ____________________.

Scores or observations recalibrated to indicate how they relate to a base number are referred to as ____.

Failing to identify a hypothesized difference using a sample result when a difference really does exist in the population is a ____ error.

It is hypothesized that an individual's style of processing information (i.e., verbal or visual) will influence the impact of advertising on attitudes toward the brand being advertised. Style of processing, then, is considered which type of variable?

The use of index numbers requires the ____ level of measurement.