Question 1

You are assessing the strategies used to solve arithmetic problems by a group of Grade 1 students.One of the children consistently uses strategies such as decomposition and fact retrieval.Is this child's behaviour unusual?

Accepted Answer

The answer of You are assessing the strategies used to...

Question 2

Which of the following best describes what fuzzy-trace theorists mean by the term gists?

Accepted Answer

Gists are representations that capture the essential meaning or content of memories or information, without focusing on the exact details or specifics. Fuzzy-trace theory posits that people encode, store, and retrieve information in two forms: precise, verbatim details and generalized, gist-based representations. Gists are crucial for understanding and decision-making because they allow individuals to grasp the essence of information without being bogged down by every specific detail.

Question 3

Which statement best summarizes the research findings regarding the development of semantic organization as a memory strategy?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that children can indeed benefit from adult-directed practice and guidance in the use of semantic organization as a memory strategy. This approach helps them learn how to categorize and organize information effectively, which enhances memory retention and recall.

Question 4

Rachel is 4 years old and has difficulty with a task requiring her to decide whether two complex stimuli are the same or different.To what would Vurpillot attribute Rachel's difficulties with this task?

Accepted Answer

Vurpillot would attribute Rachel's difficulties with the task to a failure to use systematic attention, as this theory emphasizes the importance of systematic scanning and comparison processes in distinguishing between complex stimuli.

Question 5

Younger children are suggestible in part because of a tendency to encode which type of information?

Accepted Answer

Younger children are more suggestible because they tend to encode information verbatim, which is more susceptible to distortion and forgetting compared to gist-based encoding.

Question 6

What memory system has the largest capacity?

Accepted Answer

The long-term store has the largest capacity among the options given. It can hold a vast amount of information, from facts and concepts to memories and skills, potentially for a lifetime.

Question 7

In a research study 6-year-olds and 14-year-olds are asked to sort coloured cards.In order to increase performance, will it be helpful to tell the participants to pay attention to the colours, while ignoring the shape of the cards?

Accepted Answer

Older children have better developed cognitive abilities and can benefit more from specific instructions to focus on relevant features.

Question 8

Which statement best summarizes the research findings regarding children's autobiographical memories when they are aided by parental elaboration?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that when parents use an elaborative conversational style to discuss past events with their children, it helps the children to form more detailed and lasting autobiographical memories. This means that children are able to recall more information about events, even years after they occurred.

Question 9

A number of cross-cultural studies of mathematical aptitude have compared the performance of North American students with that of Asian students.Compared to their age-mates from Asian cultures, how do North American Grade 1 students perform?

Accepted Answer

North American Grade 1 students perform much worse than their age-mates from Asian cultures, and the difference in performance becomes more pronounced by Grade 5.

Question 10

Information-processing theorists draw an analogy between the operations of a computer and the workings of the human mind.According to this view, what is the mind's software?

Accepted Answer

The mind's software, according to information-processing theorists, refers to the rules and strategies that specify how information is registered, interpreted, stored, retrieved, and analyzed, similar to how software in a computer dictates how data is processed.

Question 11

When police investigators interrogate a witness to a crime, what type of memory are they asking the witness to use?

Accepted Answer

Event memory is used when recalling specific incidents or occurrences, which is what witnesses do when describing a crime they observed.

Question 12

What type of deficiency occurs when a child fails to generate and use a known strategy that could improve learning and memory?

Accepted Answer

Production deficiency occurs when a child fails to generate and use a known strategy that could improve learning and memory.

Question 13

Ms.Bellamy places 14 items on a table in front of her class, and then she carefully watches the children's lips to see if they are silently "rehearsing" the items to help them remember what they have seen.She observes that just over half seem to use this strategy.Based on this information, what year of age are the students in Ms.Bellamy's class?

Accepted Answer

Children around the age of 7 begin to use rehearsal strategies, such as silently repeating items, to aid memory.

Question 14

What is a memory script?

Accepted Answer

Memory scripts are structured representations in our memory that outline the typical sequence and causal relationships of events in familiar situations, helping us to organize and interpret experiences.

Question 15

Which of the following do children first use to solve analogical reasoning problems?

Accepted Answer

Children first use object similarity to solve analogical reasoning problems. This means they focus on the perceptual features of objects (such as shape and color) rather than on the relationships between objects or more abstract properties.

Question 16

When Aiden is asked to add two numbers together, he "just knows" the answer and retrieves the correct answer directly from long-term memory.What did Siegler and his colleagues call this strategy?

Accepted Answer

Siegler and his colleagues referred to the strategy of "just knowing" the answer to an addition problem and retrieving it directly from long-term memory as "fact retrieval." This strategy is part of their research on how children learn and apply mathematical concepts and operations.

Question 17

What is another name for working memory?

Accepted Answer

Working memory is often referred to as the short-term store, highlighting its role in temporarily holding and processing information.

Question 18

What is the memory system that maintains information for extended periods of time?

Accepted Answer

The long-term store is the component of memory responsible for storing information for extended periods, ranging from minutes to a lifetime, distinguishing it from short-term or sensory memory systems.

Question 19

Lynette is writing a test in geography and is trying to recall the capital of Germany.To answer this question correctly, what type of memory will Lynnette need to use?

Accepted Answer

Strategic memory involves the use of strategies to actively recall information, such as mnemonic devices or rehearsal techniques, which can be applied to remember factual information like the capital of a country.

Question 20

Given that a child has a production deficiency, what intervention strategy would be most useful to improve his or her performance?

Accepted Answer

Teaching a child a more appropriate problem-solving strategy directly addresses the issue of a production deficiency by providing them with tools to improve their performance in tasks or problem-solving situations. Production deficiency is a term used in cognitive psychology to describe a situation where an individual knows various strategies to solve a problem but fails to apply them when needed. Teaching effective problem-solving strategies can help overcome this deficiency.

Quiz 9: Cognitive Development: Information-Processing Perspectives and Connectionism