Question 1

Sam and his mother are building a wooden box, using a hammer and nails. If Sam's mother would like to teach him how to hammer a nail, which behaviour would NOT be considered high-quality social scaffolding?
A)hammering all of the nails while Sam watches
B)holding a nail while Sam hammers
C)explaining to Sam how to hold the hammer
D)demonstrating to Sam how to hammer a nail into the board

Accepted Answer

High-quality social scaffolding involves supporting and guiding the learner while allowing them to actively participate. Hammering all the nails while Sam watches does not allow him to engage in the activity or practice the skill himself.

Question 2

This refers to the tendency to reach for a hidden object where it was last found, rather than in the new location where it was last hidden.
A)object permanence
B)deferred imitation
C)A-not-B error
D)symbolic representation

Accepted Answer

The A-not-B error is a phenomenon observed in infants where they continue to search for an object in its original location (A) even after seeing it being moved to a new location (B).

Question 3

Which memory strategies are cited by information-processing theories?
A)selective attention and rehearsal
B)rehearsal and encoding
C)generalizing and selective attention
D)encoding, selective attention, and rehearsal

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which memory strategies are cited by information-processing...

Question 4

Kevin and his mother are playing with a squeaky toy. Kevin's mother squeezes the toy in front of him and then hides it under a blanket. Kevin has fun finding the toy under the blanket and then giving it back to his mother. After several rounds of this game, Kevin's mother hides the toy behind a pillow instead of under the blanket. Rather than looking behind the pillow, however, Kevin lifts the blanket to look for the toy. What age is Kevin MOST likely to be?
A)7 months
B)9 months
C)13 months
D)15 months

Accepted Answer

At around 9 months old, babies start to develop object permanence, which means they understand that objects exist even when they are out of sight. This is why Kevin was able to find the toy under the blanket in the beginning of the game. However, at this age, they may not yet have fully developed their ability to use their knowledge of object permanence to predict where an object might be hidden. This explains why Kevin looked under the blanket, where the toy had been hidden previously, instead of behind the pillow where it was hidden in the current round.

Question 5

What was demonstrated by Levin and her colleagues in their study in which children walked in a circular motion while holding onto a 7-foot metal bar on a pivot?
A)Lecturing children is not an effective strategy to get them to learn difficult concepts.
B)Some concepts are too abstract for young children to comprehend.
C)Children can learn concepts beyond what is considered age-appropriate by actively experiencing the concepts.
D)Children are not able to conserve length until age 8.

Accepted Answer

Levin and her colleagues demonstrated that children can learn concepts beyond what is considered age-appropriate by actively experiencing the concepts. The children in the study were able to understand the concept of conservation of length by walking in a circular motion while holding onto a 7-foot metal bar on a pivot. This active experience helped the children to understand the concept, even though it is traditionally considered too abstract for young children to comprehend.

Question 6

The experiment in which Piaget asks what a doll would see if it were sitting in a chair across the table from a child was designed to examine
A)centration.
B)egocentrism.
C)symbolic representations.
D)conservation.

Accepted Answer

This experiment was designed to examine egocentrism, which is the inability of children in the preoperational stage to take the perspective of others.

Question 7

Mark is clearly in Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development. He can solve conservation problems correctly.
A)formal operational
B)sensorimotor
C)preoperational
D)concrete operational

Accepted Answer

The ability to solve conservation problems correctly is a hallmark of the concrete operational stage, which typically occurs between the ages of 7-12 years old. In this stage, children gain an understanding of conservation and begin to think logically about concrete events.

Question 8

Hernando is _____ months of age. According to Piaget, he is now able to form enduring mental representations.
A)4
B)6
C)12
D)18

Accepted Answer

The answer of Hernando is _____ months of age. According...

Question 9

Joint attention begins in
A)the 1st month of life.
B)late infancy.
C)the preschool years.
D)adolescence.

Accepted Answer

Joint attention typically begins in late infancy, around 9 to 12 months of age, when infants start to coordinate their attention with others towards an object or event.

Question 10

Who proposed the most prominent nativist theory, which is called core-knowledge theory?
A)Elizabeth Spelke
B)Henry Wellman
C)Susan Gelman
D)Lev Vygotsky

Accepted Answer

Elizabeth Spelke is credited with proposing the core-knowledge theory, which suggests that humans are born with innate cognitive abilities and knowledge that allow them to understand the world physically and socially without the need for extensive learning or experience.

Question 11

The term "conservation concept" refers to the idea that
A)all nature is of vital importance and thus worth preserving.
B)perceptions of the world differ depending on point of view.
C)a particular object can be used to stand for another object.
D)merely changing the appearance of objects does not change their key properties.

Accepted Answer

The term "conservation concept" in psychology, particularly in the context of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, refers to the understanding that altering an object's appearance does not change its basic properties or quantities. This concept is often tested in children through experiments involving the rearrangement of matter, such as pouring liquid from one container to another and asking if the amount of liquid has changed.

Question 12

Understanding new problems by recognizing parallels with familiar problems is referred to as
A)analogical problem solving.
B)planning.
C)overlapping waves.
D)strategy comparison.

Accepted Answer

Analogical problem solving involves using familiar problems or situations to compare and understand new and unfamiliar problems. This helps in generating possible solutions and identifying similarities and differences between the two problems.

Question 13

Which statement is the BEST example of centration?
A)Bill thinks a big empty box is heavier than a small box full of rocks.
B)Fiona gives her newborn brother her favourite doll when he is crying.
C)Bryson yells to his father from another room, "See, Daddy, I did it!"
D)Marla pretends to have a sword fight using a stick as a sword.

Accepted Answer

Centration is a cognitive limitation where a child focuses on one aspect of a situation and ignores others. In this case, Bill focuses on the size of the box rather than its contents.

Question 14

Austin is presented with the pendulum problem described in the text. He begins his experiments with the belief that the heaviness of the weight is the most important factor, tests his belief with unsystematic experiments, and concludes that his belief is accurate even though no clear conclusion could be drawn. Austin is in Piaget's _____ stage.
A)concrete operational
B)formal operational
C)sensorimotor
D)preoperational

Accepted Answer

Austin is in the concrete operational stage, as indicated by his ability to conduct experiments based on his beliefs, even though they are unsystematic. This stage is characterized by the development of logical thought and the ability to understand the concept of conservation, but thinking is still very concrete.

Question 15

The attempt to overcome obstacles and attain goals is referred to as
A)problem solving.
B)working memory.
C)encoding.
D)task analysis.

Accepted Answer

Problem solving is the process of finding a solution to a difficult or complex task or situation. This requires overcoming obstacles and working towards specific goals. Working memory is the ability to temporarily hold and manipulate information in the mind, while encoding refers to the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory. Task analysis involves breaking down complex tasks into smaller, more easily manageable components.

Question 16

Arden is sitting in a tree and has a perfect view of his twin brother George digging a hole and burying a treasure. A few weeks later, the boys want to dig up the buried treasure, but leaves are covering the area, making it impossible to see the loosened dirt where George dug the hole. According to the dynamic-systems perspective, which brother is more likely to remember where the treasure is?
A)A prediction cannot be made, as memory is not a focus of the dynamic-systems perspective.
B)Arden would be more likely to remember the location.
C)George would be more likely to remember the location.
D)The brothers would have an equal chance of remembering the location.

Accepted Answer

The dynamic-systems perspective suggests that memory is linked to action and experience. George, who physically engaged with the environment by digging and burying the treasure, would have a more embodied memory of the location, making him more likely to remember where it is.

Question 17

With which statement about planning would information-processing theorists NOT agree?
A)Young children often overestimate their abilities, causing them not to plan.
B)Planning often requires inhibiting goal-directed behaviour.
C)The quality of planning tends to stabilize in preadolescence.
D)Information-processing theorists would agree with all of these statements.

Accepted Answer

Information-processing theorists believe that the quality of planning continues to develop and improve beyond preadolescence, rather than stabilizing at that stage.

Question 18

_____ theory focuses on the structure of the cognitive system and the mental activities used to deploy attention and memory to solve problems.
A)Dynamic-systems
B)Information-processing
C)Piagetian
D)Sociocultural

Accepted Answer

Information-processing theory specifically focuses on the mental processes involved in solving problems and how attention and memory are utilized in these processes. Dynamic-systems theory focuses more on the interactions between various environmental, cognitive, and biological factors, while Piagetian theory emphasizes stages of cognitive development and how children's thinking changes over time. Sociocultural theory focuses on the influence of social and cultural factors on cognitive development.

Question 19

Avia is in the _____ stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget. She is now able to represent her experiences in language and symbolic thought.
A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Accepted Answer

Avia's ability to represent her experiences in language and symbolic thought is a characteristic of the preoperational stage of cognitive development, which occurs between the ages of 2 to 7 years old, according to Piaget. In this stage, children develop language and the use of symbols, but have difficulty with logical thinking and conservation tasks.

Question 20

Several times during Carmen's first week of school, she mistakenly opened the closet door when she meant to open the door to the bathroom. The BEST explanation for Carmen's mistake is that Carmen
A)failed to recall the location of the door.
B)had utilization deficiency.
C)failed to associate the location of the door with other knowledge.
D)had not encoded the location of the bathroom door.

Accepted Answer

Carmen's mistake suggests that she had not encoded the location of the bathroom door in her memory, which is a form of encoding failure. This is supported by the fact that it happened multiple times during her first week of school. Utilization deficiency and failure to associate the location of the door with other knowledge are not applicable explanations in this scenario, and while it is possible that Carmen failed to recall the location of the door, this is less likely given that it happened multiple times.

Quiz 4: Theories of Cognitive Development

Sam and his mother are building a wooden box, using a hammer and nails. If Sam's mother would like to teach him how to hammer a nail, which behaviour would NOT be considered high-quality social scaffolding?

This refers to the tendency to reach for a hidden object where it was last found, rather than in the new location where it was last hidden.

Which memory strategies are cited by information-processing theories?

What was demonstrated by Levin and her colleagues in their study in which children walked in a circular motion while holding onto a 7-foot metal bar on a pivot?

The experiment in which Piaget asks what a doll would see if it were sitting in a chair across the table from a child was designed to examine

Mark is clearly in Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development. He can solve conservation problems correctly.

Hernando is _____ months of age. According to Piaget, he is now able to form enduring mental representations.

Joint attention begins in

Who proposed the most prominent nativist theory, which is called core-knowledge theory?

The term "conservation concept" refers to the idea that

Understanding new problems by recognizing parallels with familiar problems is referred to as

Which statement is the BEST example of centration?

The attempt to overcome obstacles and attain goals is referred to as

With which statement about planning would information-processing theorists NOT agree?

_____ theory focuses on the structure of the cognitive system and the mental activities used to deploy attention and memory to solve problems.

Avia is in the _____ stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget. She is now able to represent her experiences in language and symbolic thought.

Several times during Carmen's first week of school, she mistakenly opened the closet door when she meant to open the door to the bathroom. The BEST explanation for Carmen's mistake is that Carmen