Question 1

The negative state relief model states that ________.
A)low empathy causes us to feel distress when we learn of others' suffering, so by helping them we reduce our own personal distress
B)high empathy causes us to feel distress when we learn of others' suffering, so by helping them we reduce our own personal distress
C)only empathy leads to true altruism
D)we are altruistically motivated to help others feel better

Accepted Answer

The negative state relief model suggests that high levels of empathy lead us to experience distress upon learning of another's suffering, and that by helping them, we aim to alleviate our own distress, not just theirs.

Question 2

Results of neuroscience research on stereotyping show greater activity in the area of the brain called the ____________ in response to a picture of someone from an 'out group' who may be stereotypically perceived as a potential threat.
A)thalamus
B)frontal cortex
C)hypothalamus
D)amygdala

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is known to play a key role in the processing of emotions, including fear and the evaluation of potential threats. This makes it more active when individuals view members of an 'out group' who may be stereotypically perceived as threatening.

Question 3

Recent research on the "shooter bias" has demonstrated that ________.
A)the shooter bias can be significantly reduced through practice on a video game simulation
B)black police officers are more likely to shoot an unarmed white suspect than an unarmed black suspect
C)police officers are more likely to shoot an unarmed suspect if the suspect is from the same race as the police officer
D)all attempts to reduce a shooter bias in police officers have been unsuccessful

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that shooter bias, which is the tendency to shoot unarmed black suspects more often than white ones, can be mitigated through training, including simulations and video game-based practices.

Question 4

Studies have revealed that identical twins are ___________ similar in their aggressive behaviours than fraternal twins are, __________ when the identical twins are raised in different homes with presumably different environments.
A)more; except
B)more; even
C)less; except
D)less; even

Accepted Answer

Identical twins are more genetically similar than fraternal twins, leading to greater similarities in behaviors such as aggression, regardless of environmental differences. This includes cases where identical twins are raised apart, emphasizing the role of genetics over environment in this aspect.

Question 5

Given the stereotype that "Blacks are not as intelligent as Whites," if the black students score as much as the white students on difficult questions, then the questions are described as being a(n) ____________, which is a finding that is consistent with the ___________.
A)laboratory task; social identity theory
B)laboratory task; concept of stereotype threat
C)intelligence test; realistic conflict theory
D)intelligence test; concept of the self-fulfilling prophecy

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is B) laboratory task; concept of stereotype threat. This is because stereotype threat refers to the risk of confirming negative stereotypes about an individual's racial, ethnic, gender, or cultural group, which can, in turn, hinder their performance. In this context, if black students perform equally well on difficult questions, it suggests that the stereotype is not affecting their performance, which aligns with the concept of stereotype threat.

Question 6

The assertion that people should help others and contribute to the welfare of the society is asserted by the _____________, and was mentioned as one of the social learning/cultural factors that may contribute to ___________.
A)concept of reciprocal altruism; resource competition
B)concept of in-group favouritism; prejudice
C)norm of social responsibility; helping
D)norm of reciprocity; helping

Accepted Answer

The assertion aligns with the norm of social responsibility, which suggests that people should help others and contribute to society's welfare. This norm is mentioned as a factor that may contribute to helping behaviors.

Question 7

Which of the following concepts specifically asserts that prejudicial attitudes create fear and self-consciousness among stereotyped group members and that they will confirm other people's negative attitudes?
A)The stereotype threat
B)The self-fulfilling prophecy
C)the deindividuation
D)The out-group homogeneity bias

Accepted Answer

The stereotype threat is the concept that describes how people who are aware of stereotypes about their social group may fear being judged or treated according to those stereotypes, leading to anxiety and behavior that may inadvertently confirm the stereotypes.

Question 8

Research on helping behaviour indicates that ____________ bystanders are more likely to help ______________.
A)male; men than women
B)male; women than men
C)female; men than women
D)female; women than men

Accepted Answer

Research on helping behavior has shown that male bystanders are more likely to help women than men. This is often attributed to social norms and gender roles that encourage men to be protective and chivalrous towards women.

Question 9

You are trying to reduce gender prejudice at your college. Which of the following strategies is expected to be the most effective? Having ________.
A)same-sex classes and dormitories
B)men and women work together on a charity project
C)male senior tutors and female freshmen
D)a "men versus women" grade competition

Accepted Answer

Collaborative activities, such as working together on a charity project, have been shown to reduce prejudice by fostering cooperation and understanding between different groups. This approach aligns with the contact hypothesis, which suggests that under appropriate conditions, interpersonal contact is one of the most effective ways to reduce prejudice between majority and minority group members.

Question 10

According to the text, bystanders are most likely to help individuals who are ________.
A)perceived as being similar
B)attractive
C)judged as being responsible for their problems
D)in a good mood

Accepted Answer

Bystanders are more likely to help individuals they perceive as being similar to themselves, as similarity can increase empathy and the likelihood of intervention.

Question 11

Out-group derogation specifically refers to the tendency to ________.
A)attribute more negative qualities to an out-group
B)assume that members of an out-group are more similar to each other than members of an in-group
C)attribute more positive qualities to in-group members
D)treat out-group members unfairly

Accepted Answer

Out-group derogation specifically refers to the tendency to attribute more negative qualities to an out-group, highlighting a bias against those not in one's own group.

Question 12

Carl Word and his colleagues (1974) found that white college students, who were assumed to already hold prejudiced attitudes toward blacks, sat farther away, conducted briefer interviews, and made more speech errors when interviewing black students. Which of the following constructs most readily explains the results of this study?
A)Social identity bias
B)Group polarization
C)Stereotype threat
D)Self-fulfilling prophecies

Accepted Answer

The results of the study by Carl Word and colleagues can be best explained by the concept of self-fulfilling prophecies. This concept suggests that people's expectations about someone can lead to behaviors that cause those expectations to come true. In this case, the prejudiced attitudes of the white college students likely led them to behave in ways that could have negatively affected the performance or comfort of the black students being interviewed, thus reinforcing the initial prejudiced attitudes.

Question 13

Realistic conflict theory originally assumed that prejudice was primarily caused by ___________, but research indicates that it is most strongly triggered by _________________.
A)an actual threat to one's personal welfare; a perceived threat to one's in-group
B)stereotype threat; an actual threat to one's personal welfare
C)a perceived threat to one's in-group; an actual threat to one's personal welfare
D)stereotype threat; a perceived threat to one's in-group

Accepted Answer

Realistic conflict theory initially posited that prejudice arises from an actual threat to one's personal welfare, but further research has shown that it is more significantly triggered by a perceived threat to one's in-group.

Question 14

The best-known approach to reducing prejudice is based on a principle called ________.
A)mere exposure effect
B)in-group favouritism
C)equal status contact
D)social penetration effect

Accepted Answer

The principle of equal status contact suggests that prejudice can be reduced when individuals of different groups interact under conditions of equal status. This approach facilitates understanding and reduces stereotypes by promoting equal footing and cooperative interactions among group members.

Question 15

Prejudice is fostered in large part by competition for limited resources, according to the _________________ theory.
A)social identity
B)kin selection
C)realistic conflict
D)stereotype threat

Accepted Answer

The Realistic Conflict Theory suggests that intergroup conflicts and prejudices arise from competition over limited resources, explaining how and why groups develop biases against each other when competing for the same resources.

Question 16

"Prejudice is created by people's need to enhance or restore their self-esteem" is argued by the theory called the ___________________ theory.
A)negative state relief
B)self-enhancement
C)realistic conflict
D)social identity

Accepted Answer

The Social Identity Theory argues that prejudice arises from people's need to enhance their self-esteem by identifying with specific social groups, leading to in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination.

Question 17

Which of the following stage of the bystander intervention process would be most likely to inhibit helping behaviour from a person having low self-efficacy?
A)Noticing an event
B)Assuming responsibility for helping
C)Knowing how to help
D)Interpreting an event as an emergency

Accepted Answer

Low self-efficacy can inhibit helping behavior at the stage of knowing how to help, as individuals may doubt their ability to provide effective assistance.

Question 18

Some people are intense supporters of their favourite sports team. These people are not actually on the team and get intangible benefits when their team wins. Yet their self-esteem is strongly affected by the performance of the team. The theory that would best explain this effect is the ______________ theory.
A)social identity
B)realistic conflict
C)social exchange
D)negative state relief

Accepted Answer

Social identity theory explains this effect by suggesting that individuals derive part of their identity and self-esteem from the groups to which they belong, including sports teams. This theory posits that people categorize themselves and others into various social groups, such as "my team" versus "their team," and that belonging to a group provides a source of pride and self-esteem.

Question 19

Being in a good mood has been found to be one of the factors that __________ the helping behaviour.
A)increases
B)decreases
C)has little effect on
D)researchers have not studied in order to measure

Accepted Answer

Being in a good mood has been found to increase the likelihood of engaging in helping behavior, as positive emotions can lead to more prosocial actions.

Question 20

All of the following are possible social learning and cultural explanations for prosocial behaviour, EXCEPT ________.
A)the norm of reciprocity
B)kin selection
C)the norm of social responsibility
D)empathy

Accepted Answer

Kin selection is a genetic explanation for prosocial behavior, suggesting that individuals are more likely to help those who are genetically related to them to ensure the survival of shared genes. It is not a social learning or cultural explanation.

Quiz 13: Behaviour in a Social Context

The negative state relief model states that ________.

Results of neuroscience research on stereotyping show greater activity in the area of the brain called the ____________ in response to a picture of someone from an 'out group' who may be stereotypically perceived as a potential threat.

Recent research on the "shooter bias" has demonstrated that ________.

Studies have revealed that identical twins are _ similar in their aggressive behaviours than fraternal twins are, when the identical twins are raised in different homes with presumably different environments.

Given the stereotype that "Blacks are not as intelligent as Whites," if the black students score as much as the white students on difficult questions, then the questions are described as being a(n) __, which is a finding that is consistent with the _.

The assertion that people should help others and contribute to the welfare of the society is asserted by the ___, and was mentioned as one of the social learning/cultural factors that may contribute to _.

Which of the following concepts specifically asserts that prejudicial attitudes create fear and self-consciousness among stereotyped group members and that they will confirm other people's negative attitudes?

Research on helping behaviour indicates that bystanders are more likely to help __.

You are trying to reduce gender prejudice at your college. Which of the following strategies is expected to be the most effective? Having ________.

According to the text, bystanders are most likely to help individuals who are ________.

Out-group derogation specifically refers to the tendency to ________.

Realistic conflict theory originally assumed that prejudice was primarily caused by _, but research indicates that it is most strongly triggered by _______.

The best-known approach to reducing prejudice is based on a principle called ________.

Prejudice is fostered in large part by competition for limited resources, according to the _________________ theory.

"Prejudice is created by people's need to enhance or restore their self-esteem" is argued by the theory called the ___________________ theory.

Which of the following stage of the bystander intervention process would be most likely to inhibit helping behaviour from a person having low self-efficacy?

Being in a good mood has been found to be one of the factors that __________ the helping behaviour.

All of the following are possible social learning and cultural explanations for prosocial behaviour, EXCEPT ________.