Question 1

Which of the following reasons explains a possible advantage of using adult stem cells in therapeutic cloning rather than embryonic stem cells?
A) Adult stem cells have a longer lifespan in culture than embryonic stem cells, and would persist for a longer time in the patient's body.
B) Embryonic stem cells can only produce a few cell types while adult stem cells can produce any type of cell.
C) Adult stem cells are less likely to be rejected by the patient's body.
D) Unlike adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells may stop dividing within the patient's body.
E) The use of adult stem cells is less controversial than the use of embryonic stem cells.

Accepted Answer

E

Question 2

Why do adult stem cells currently have fewer uses in therapeutic cloning than embryonic stem cells? A) Embryonic stem cells have longer telomeres and persist for much longer than adult stem cells. B) Embryonic stem cells are capable of reverting to a G ₀ stage when starved. C) Adult stem cells may become any type of cell, whereas embryonic stem cells may only become adult stem cells first. D) Embryonic stem cells may become any type of cell, whereas adult stem cells may only become a limited number of cell types. E) Adult stem cells have more restrictions that prevent them from re-entering the cell cycle at the G ₀ stage.

Accepted Answer

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, meaning they can differentiate into any cell type, whereas adult stem cells are typically multipotent, limited to differentiating into a narrower range of cell types. This makes embryonic stem cells more versatile for therapeutic cloning.

Question 3

Which of the following is used to cleave DNA in order to create recombinant DNA?
A) restriction enzymes
B) DNA ligase
C) DNA helicase
D) vectors
E) plasmids

Accepted Answer

Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing for the creation of recombinant DNA by introducing foreign DNA fragments at these cleavage sites.

Question 4

Why is it necessary to "starve" the donor cells prior to reproductive cloning? A) to force the cells into G ₀ stage so that they will respond to cytoplasmic growth signals B) to force the enucleated egg cell into G ₀ stage so that it would accept the donor nucleus C) to lengthen the telomeres in the donor nucleus D) to make the nucleus "start over" in the S stage so that the nucleus will be diploid E) to make the nucleus "start over" in the S stage so that the nucleus will be haploid

Accepted Answer

Starving the donor cells forces them into the G0 stage, making them more receptive to reprogramming when introduced into an enucleated egg cell.

Question 5

Which of the following describes a way that DNA fingerprinting can be useful?
A) DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify a viral infection.
B) DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify a suspected rapist.
C) DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify the remains of an unknown person.
D) DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify the parents of a child.
E) All of the above describe uses for DNA fingerprinting.

Accepted Answer

DNA fingerprinting is a versatile tool used in various fields such as forensic science, paternity testing, and identifying remains. It can identify individuals involved in crimes, determine parentage, and identify remains by comparing DNA samples.

Question 6

Which of the following is used to insert the foreign gene when creating recombinant DNA?
A) a vector
B) restriction enzymes
C) DNA ligase
D) embryonic stem cells
E) DNA helicase

Accepted Answer

A vector is used to insert the foreign gene into a host cell when creating recombinant DNA.

Question 7

Which of the following sequences of events in the production of recombinant DNA are in the correct order?
A) cut DNA with restriction enzymes, mix DNA with plasmid DNA, add DNA ligase
B) mix DNA with plasmid DNA, cut with restriction enzymes, add DNA ligase
C) add DNA ligase, cut DNA with restriction enzymes, mix DNA with plasmid DNA
D) mix DNA with plasmid DNA, add DNA ligase, cut with restriction enzymes
E) cut with restriction enzymes, add DNA ligase, mix DNA with plasmid DNA

Accepted Answer

The correct sequence for producing recombinant DNA involves first cutting the DNA with restriction enzymes, then mixing the cut DNA with plasmid DNA, and finally adding DNA ligase to join the DNA fragments together.

Question 8

Specialized cells differ from one another because they
A) only express certain genes.
B) express all genes.
C) turn off gene expression once specialized.
D) may re-enter the cell cycle at any time.
E) do not express any genes.

Accepted Answer

Specialized cells express only a subset of genes, which allows them to perform specific functions. This selective gene expression is what differentiates one type of specialized cell from another.

Question 9

Therapeutic cloning can
A) produce clones of adult individuals.
B) be used to produce superior farm animals.
C) produce specialized cells to treat human disease.
D) be used to create new species of plants.
E) produce embryonic stem cells.

Accepted Answer

Therapeutic cloning can produce specialized cells to treat human disease.

Question 10

The steps involved in a single PCR cycle, in the correct order, are
A) cool to allow DNA strands to anneal, heat to allow primer to anneal, cool to allow DNA polymerase to copy DNA.
B) heat to denature DNA strands, cool to allow primer to anneal, allow DNA polymerase to copy DNA.
C) heat to denature DNA strands and for primer to anneal, cool to allow DNA polymerase to copy DNA.
D) cool to denature DNA strands, heat to allow primer to anneal, cool to allow DNA polymerase to copy DNA.
E) cool to allow primer to anneal, heat to denature DNA strands, cool to allow DNA polymerase to copy DNA.

Accepted Answer

The correct order of steps in a PCR cycle is: 1) heating the reaction mixture to denature the DNA strands, 2) cooling it to allow the primers to anneal to the single-stranded DNA, and 3) maintaining a suitable temperature for DNA polymerase to synthesize new DNA strands.

Question 11

________ is the study of the structure and function of cellular proteins and their interactions; ________ may be employed to use computer algorithms to aid this process.
A) Proteomics; bioinformatics
B) Comparative genomics; bioinformatics
C) Genomics; proteomics
D) Proteomics; comparative genomics
E) Comparative genomics; proteomics

Accepted Answer

Proteomics is the study of the structure and function of cellular proteins and their interactions, while bioinformatics involves the use of computer algorithms to analyze biological data, including protein structures and functions.

Question 12

Reproductive cloning results in __________ while therapeutic cloning results in ____________.
A) mature cells; clones
B) clones; enucleated eggs
C) clones; various types of mature cells
D) embryonic stem cells; adult stem cells
E) enucleated eggs; various types of mature cells

Accepted Answer

Reproductive cloning produces clones, or genetically identical organisms, while therapeutic cloning generates various types of mature cells for medical treatment and research, not for creating cloned organisms.

Question 13

Bacteria, plants, and animals have all been used to create transgenic forms that are useful in
A) producing high-yield tomato plants.
B) creating pest-resistant versions of corn.
C) cleaning up oil spills.
D) generating pharmaceuticals.
E) producing new types of high-yield beef.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Bacteria, plants, and animals have all been...

Question 14

Organisms that have had foreign genes inserted into them are called transgenic organisms.

Accepted Answer

Transgenic organisms are those that have had genes from another species inserted into their genome through genetic engineering techniques, allowing them to express traits not typically found in their species.

Question 15

In order to clone adult animals, scientists typically begin with a(n)
A) isolated sperm cell.
B) enucleated egg.
C) enucleated liver cell.
D) red blood cell.
E) enucleated sperm cell.

Accepted Answer

To clone adult animals, scientists often start with an enucleated egg, which is an egg cell that has had its nucleus removed. This egg then receives the nucleus from a somatic cell of the animal to be cloned, creating a viable embryo that can develop into a genetically identical copy of the original animal.

Question 16

DNA ligase
A) produces many copies of an unknown piece of DNA.
B) makes copies of a foreign gene for use in making recombinant DNA.
C) is used to produce DNA fingerprints of a crime scene suspect.
D) amplifies mitochondrial DNA sequences.
E) links two DNA molecules together.

Accepted Answer

DNA ligase is an enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond. It is commonly used in molecular biology to link two DNA molecules together, such as when inserting a piece of foreign DNA into a vector during cloning.

Question 17

The study of comparative genomics has given researchers the ability to look at multiple genomes from different species, which has lead to new ideas about the evolutionary history of organisms. The conclusion is that
A) modern vertebrate species have very little similarity between their genomes.
B) modern vertebrate species all evolved from the different ancestors.
C) the genomes of modern vertebrate species and modern bacterial species are 98% similar.
D) the genomes of all modern verterbrates are very similar.
E) the genomes of modern bacteria contain 85% more genes than that of modern vertebrates.

Accepted Answer

The study of comparative genomics has shown that the genomes of all modern vertebrates are very similar, indicating a common ancestry and evolutionary history. This similarity supports the theory of evolution and the interconnectedness of life on Earth.

Question 18

After 12 PCR cycles, how many DNA strands would be available?
A) 4,096
B) 2,048
C) 1,024
D) 512
E) 256

Accepted Answer

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) doubles the amount of DNA with each cycle, so after 12 cycles, the number of DNA strands would be 2^12 = 4,096.

Question 19

Cells from the root of a carrot may be used to generate an entire carrot plant. This illustrates that
A) only cells of the root contain the plant's genes.
B) every cell of the root contains all of the plant's genes.
C) plants are easier to clone than animals.
D) carrots may be used for therapeutic cloning.
E) a carrot's roots contain all of the tissues of an adult plant.

Accepted Answer

Every cell in the root of a carrot contains all of the plant's genetic information, which allows it to regenerate into a full plant. This demonstrates the concept of cellular totipotency in plants, where each cell has the potential to develop into a complete organism.

Question 20

Which of the following is a possible use for transgenic organisms?
A) bacteria that degrade oil
B) corn plants that are resistant to herbicides
C) cattle that secrete therapeutic proteins into their milk
D) carrots that produce influenza virus proteins that can be used as vaccines
E) All of the above describe possible uses of transgenic organisms.

Accepted Answer

Transgenic organisms are genetically modified to express new traits. A) bacteria can be engineered to degrade oil for environmental cleanup, B) corn can be modified for herbicide resistance to improve crop yields, C) cattle can be engineered to produce therapeutic proteins in their milk for medical treatments, and D) carrots can be modified to produce influenza virus proteins for use in vaccines. All these applications are within the realm of possibilities for transgenic organisms.

Quiz 12: Biotechnology and Genomics

Which of the following reasons explains a possible advantage of using adult stem cells in therapeutic cloning rather than embryonic stem cells?

Why do adult stem cells currently have fewer uses in therapeutic cloning than embryonic stem cells?

Which of the following is used to cleave DNA in order to create recombinant DNA?

Why is it necessary to "starve" the donor cells prior to reproductive cloning?

Which of the following describes a way that DNA fingerprinting can be useful?

Which of the following is used to insert the foreign gene when creating recombinant DNA?

Which of the following sequences of events in the production of recombinant DNA are in the correct order?

Specialized cells differ from one another because they

Therapeutic cloning can

The steps involved in a single PCR cycle, in the correct order, are

is the study of the structure and function of cellular proteins and their interactions; may be employed to use computer algorithms to aid this process.

Reproductive cloning results in while therapeutic cloning results in __.

Bacteria, plants, and animals have all been used to create transgenic forms that are useful in

Organisms that have had foreign genes inserted into them are called transgenic organisms.

In order to clone adult animals, scientists typically begin with a(n)

DNA ligase

The study of comparative genomics has given researchers the ability to look at multiple genomes from different species, which has lead to new ideas about the evolutionary history of organisms. The conclusion is that

After 12 PCR cycles, how many DNA strands would be available?

Cells from the root of a carrot may be used to generate an entire carrot plant. This illustrates that

Which of the following is a possible use for transgenic organisms?