Question 1

Raw score =
A) true score + error
B) true score + reliability
C) validity + error
D) error + quota sampling

Accepted Answer

A raw score is the unadjusted score on a test or assessment, which is calculated as the true score (the actual skill or knowledge level) plus any measurement error. Reliability and validity are properties of the test itself, not components of the score, and quota sampling is a method of sampling, not related to score calculation.

Question 2

The _____ is the dependent measure, composed of the true score and the error, whereas the _____ is the extraneous influence that will cause the raw score to deviate from the true score.
A) raw score; error
B) raw score; true score
C) error; raw score
D) error; true score

Accepted Answer

The raw score is the dependent measure that consists of the true score plus any error, and the error is the extraneous influence causing the raw score to deviate from the true score.

Question 3

Participant reactivity is:
A) the tendency for participants to give responses that are politically incorrect.
B) the tendency for participants to give responses that are socially acceptable.
C) the tendency for participants to act differently when someone is watching them.
D) the tendency for participants to give responses that are arousing.

Accepted Answer

Participant reactivity refers to the phenomenon where individuals alter their behavior due to the awareness that they are being observed. This can affect the validity of research findings, as the behavior observed may not reflect their behavior under normal circumstances.

Question 4

The type of behavioral measure that involves measuring heart rate and sweat response is called:
A) behavioral trace.
B) diary study.
C) physiological measure.
D) reaction time measure.

Accepted Answer

Physiological measures are used to record physical responses of the body, such as heart rate and sweat response, which can indicate emotional or psychological states.

Question 5

A behavioral choice is:
A) a measure that relies on directly seeing behavior as it occurs.
B) a measure that relies on evidence left behind by a participant who is no longer present.
C) a measurement technique that directly asks participants how they think or feel.
D) a measure that requires participants to make a purposeful selection from several options.

Accepted Answer

Behavioral choices involve participants making deliberate selections from a range of options, reflecting their preferences, decisions, or behaviors in a given context.

Question 6

_____ allow(s) for observation and assessment of participants without their awareness.
A) Behavioral choice
B) Self-report
C) Unobtrusive measures
D) Quasi-experiments

Accepted Answer

Unobtrusive measures allow researchers to observe and assess participants without their awareness, thereby avoiding potential biases that can occur when participants know they are being studied.

Question 7

Which of the following minimizes participant reactivity?
A) the use of questionnaires
B) answering in front of a group
C) unobtrusive measures
D) behavioral measures

Accepted Answer

Unobtrusive measures minimize participant reactivity because they do not require direct interaction with participants, thereby reducing the likelihood that participants will alter their behavior in response to being observed or measured.

Question 8

What is a behavioral observation?
A) a measure that relies on directly seeing a performed action as it occurs
B) a measure that relies on evidence left behind by a participant who is no longer present
C) a measurement technique that directly asks participants how they think or feel
D) a design where variables are treated like independent variables even though they are not able to be manipulated

Accepted Answer

Behavioral observation involves directly watching behaviors as they occur, rather than relying on reports, traces, or manipulations of variables.

Question 9

Which of the following is most true?
A) Self-report data are more accurate than behavioral data.
B) Behavioral data are more accurate than self-report data.
C) Measurements are not perfect regardless of whether they are self-report or behavioral.
D) Informant data are more accurate than self-report or behavioral data.

Accepted Answer

Measurements, whether they are self-report or behavioral, have their own limitations and sources of error, making none inherently perfect or completely accurate. Self-report data can be biased by social desirability or memory issues, while behavioral data can be influenced by the observer's interpretations or the context in which behavior is observed.

Question 10

Dr. Currie is interested in developing a means of diagnosing an anxiety disorder based solely on the presence of a persistently elevated heart rate and unusually high levels of cortisol. Dr. Currie is mostly interested in utilizing which of the following in his pursuit of diagnosis?
A) behavioral trace
B) behavioral observation
C) physiological measures
D) behavioral choice

Accepted Answer

Dr. Currie's interest in diagnosing an anxiety disorder based on elevated heart rate and high levels of cortisol involves physiological measures, as both heart rate and cortisol levels are physiological indicators that can be quantitatively measured.

Question 11

Jabari wants to understand why some people perform better in front of an audience and others do not. In order to investigate this research question he has participants run as fast as they can while alone or in the presence of an audience. What type of research design is Jabari using?
A) behavioral trace
B) self-report
C) behavioral observation
D) physiological measure

Accepted Answer

Jabari is using a behavioral observation research design because he is directly observing and measuring the participants' performance (running speed) in different conditions (alone or in the presence of an audience). This method involves watching and recording behaviors as they occur.

Question 12

What is one advantage of behavioral observation?
A) It requires the researcher to make assumptions.
B) It is open to social desirability biases.
C) It allows a researcher to see the behavior in its entirety so there is less need for inferences of meaning.
D) It is not vulnerable to demand characteristics.

Accepted Answer

Behavioral observation allows researchers to directly observe behaviors as they occur in their natural settings, reducing the need for making inferences about what those behaviors mean. This direct observation can provide a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of the behavior in question.

Question 13

If a researcher wanted to minimize participant reactivity, which one of the following would he/she want to employ?
A) a one-way mirror
B) self-report measures
C) a research lab as opposed to a natural setting
D) visible recording equipment

Accepted Answer

A one-way mirror allows researchers to observe participants without being seen, thus minimizing participant reactivity because individuals are less likely to alter their behavior if they do not know they are being watched.

Question 14

Reality television shows demonstrate the potential issue of _____ when observing the behavior of others.
A) observer bias
B) participant reactivity
C) behavioral trace
D) retrospective bias

Accepted Answer

Participant reactivity refers to the phenomenon where individuals alter their behavior due to the awareness of being observed, which is a common issue in reality television shows as participants know they are being filmed.

Question 15

Data obtained from self-report and behavioral measures:
A) can be compared to determine if participants' self-reports are consistent with actual behavior.
B) compete with each other.
C) yield the same results.
D) cannot be compared, because they measure fundamentally different things.

Accepted Answer

Self-report and behavioral measures can be compared to assess the consistency between what participants say and how they actually behave. This comparison can reveal important insights into the reliability of self-reported data and the understanding of human behavior.

Question 16

Random error is:
A) systematic.
B) organized.
C) unpredictable.
D) focused.

Accepted Answer

Random error is unpredictable in nature, meaning it varies in an unpredictable manner from one measurement to another.

Question 17

Measuring how loud one yells when asked to cheer alone as compared to in a group is an example of:
A) behavioral trace.
B) behavioral observation.
C) physiological measures.
D) behavioral choice.

Accepted Answer

Measuring the loudness of a yell is a form of behavioral observation, as it involves directly observing and recording behaviors as they occur, in this case, the act of yelling.

Question 18

Random error is:
A) the extent to which a measure will produce the same results each time it is used.
B) unsystematic influence on the true score.
C) an outside influence that affects the true score in a consistent way.
D) the extent to which a research method measures what it is intended to measure.

Accepted Answer

Random error refers to the unsystematic variation in measurement that can cause the measured value to differ from the true value each time the measurement is made. It does not consistently push measurements in one direction and is unpredictable.

Question 19

Lorenzo asks his participants whether they would like to solve anagram tasks alone or with a teammate. He is using:
A) behavioral trace.
B) behavioral observation.
C) physiological measures.
D) behavioral choice.

Accepted Answer

Lorenzo is using behavioral choice because he is asking participants to make a decision between two options, which directly reflects their preferences or inclinations. This method involves observing and recording the choices people make, rather than their physical actions or physiological responses.

Question 20

The goal of a psychological measure is to:
A) minimize error so that the raw score is similar to the true score.
B) minimize error so that the raw score is distinct from the true score.
C) maximize error so that the raw score is similar to the true score.
D) maximize error so that the raw score is distinct from the true score.

Accepted Answer

The goal of a psychological measure is to minimize error so that the raw score (what is actually measured) is as close as possible to the true score (the real value of what's being measured). This ensures accuracy and reliability in psychological assessments.

Quiz 4: The Psychologists Toolbox: Tools for Building Better Designs

Raw score =

The _ is the dependent measure, composed of the true score and the error, whereas the _ is the extraneous influence that will cause the raw score to deviate from the true score.

Participant reactivity is:

The type of behavioral measure that involves measuring heart rate and sweat response is called:

A behavioral choice is:

_____ allow(s) for observation and assessment of participants without their awareness.

Which of the following minimizes participant reactivity?

What is a behavioral observation?

Which of the following is most true?

Dr. Currie is interested in developing a means of diagnosing an anxiety disorder based solely on the presence of a persistently elevated heart rate and unusually high levels of cortisol. Dr. Currie is mostly interested in utilizing which of the following in his pursuit of diagnosis?

Jabari wants to understand why some people perform better in front of an audience and others do not. In order to investigate this research question he has participants run as fast as they can while alone or in the presence of an audience. What type of research design is Jabari using?

What is one advantage of behavioral observation?

If a researcher wanted to minimize participant reactivity, which one of the following would he/she want to employ?

Reality television shows demonstrate the potential issue of _____ when observing the behavior of others.

Data obtained from self-report and behavioral measures:

Random error is:

Measuring how loud one yells when asked to cheer alone as compared to in a group is an example of:

Random error is:

Lorenzo asks his participants whether they would like to solve anagram tasks alone or with a teammate. He is using:

The goal of a psychological measure is to: