Question 1

(Scenario II) Regardless of their assigned treatment condition, all participants were told, "We are working on manufacturing a new backpack and are interested in your thoughts. Please put this backpack on and have a seat." By using this standard this script the researchers were enhancing:
A) internal validity.
B) experimental realism.
C) experimental control.
D) mundane realism.

Accepted Answer

Using a standard script for all participants helps ensure that the conditions are consistent across the experiment, which enhances experimental control.

Question 2

(Scenario II) Suppose the researchers manipulated the independent variable such that the heavy backpack was 5 pounds and the light backpack was 3 pounds. After conducting the study they saw no difference between the groups when choosing a snack. Prior to the study the researchers should have probably conducted a(n):
A) simple experiment.
B) independent sample t-test.
C) two-group design.
D) manipulation check.

Accepted Answer

A manipulation check ensures that the independent variable manipulation (in this case, the weight of the backpack) had the intended effect on the participants before examining the dependent variable (snack choice). Since there was no difference observed, it's possible the manipulation was not effective or perceived as intended, making a manipulation check crucial to identify this issue.

Question 3

(Scenario II) Which of the following is NOT critically required to establish causality?
A) temporal precedence
B) covariation
C) experimental realism
D) extraneous variables

Accepted Answer

Experimental realism is not critically required to establish causality; it refers to the extent to which an experiment is engaging to participants, whereas causality primarily requires temporal precedence, covariation, and control of extraneous variables.

Question 4

(Scenario I) In this study, researchers identified a relationship between group therapy and improvement in self-awareness. They were able to conclude that participating in group therapy causes self-awareness to improve because of:
A) covariation.
B) temporal precedence.
C) independence.
D) internal validity.

Accepted Answer

Temporal precedence is necessary to establish causality, meaning the cause (participation in group therapy) must occur before the effect (improvement in self-awareness).

Question 5

For the study described in this chapter, the _____ examined whether trying to ignore a text message leads to distraction, whereas the _____ suggested that participants in the highly restricted cell phone use group will have worse test performance than those who are allowed to check their cell phones.
A) hypothesis; research question
B) hypothesis; theory
C) research question; hypothesis
D) research question; theory

Accepted Answer

The research question is what the study aims to explore or understand, in this case, whether trying to ignore a text message leads to distraction. The hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction derived from a theory, suggesting that participants with highly restricted cell phone use will perform worse on tests.

Question 6

(Scenario III) In Scenario III the researchers included only those participants who were not regular caffeine drinkers. In doing do, the researchers:
A) increased experimental control.
B) minimized caffeine tolerance as an extraneous variable.
C) increased the internal validity of the study.
D) All of the above.

Accepted Answer

By including only participants who were not regular caffeine drinkers, the researchers increased experimental control by ensuring that all participants had similar caffeine baselines, minimized caffeine tolerance as an extraneous variable which could otherwise affect the results, and increased the internal validity of the study by reducing the potential for confounding variables.

Question 7

(Scenario III) The experimental group in Scenario III included those who received _____, whereas the control group included those _____.
A) caffeine; who did not receive caffeine
B) a placebo; who received caffeine
C) 200mg of caffeine; 100mg of caffeine
D) 100mg of caffeine; a placebo

Accepted Answer

The experimental group receives the treatment being tested, which is caffeine, while the control group does not receive the treatment, serving as a baseline for comparison.

Question 8

(Scenario I) Based on the information provided in Scenario I, which of the following statements BEST describes the data shown in Figure 1?
A) The B&L and S&M models of therapy are equal in their ability to increase self-awareness.
B) The B&L model of therapy was far superior than the S&M model in increasing self-awareness in patients.
C) The B&L model, but not the S&M model, improves self-awareness.
D) All of the above statements are equally good.

Accepted Answer

The answer of (Scenario I) Based on the information provided...

Question 9

(Scenario III) The researchers who conducted the study described in Scenario III were able to make a causal statement about the effect of caffeine on memory because:
A) they conducted their study in a laboratory setting.
B) they examined memory in only those who were unaccustomed to caffeine.
C) they randomly assigned participants to treatment conditions and controlled how much caffeine each condition received.
D) they performed an independent t-test.

Accepted Answer

Random assignment to treatment conditions and controlling the amount of caffeine each condition received allows researchers to establish causality by ensuring that any differences observed are due to the treatment itself (in this case, caffeine) and not to other variables.

Question 10

By choosing to conduct a study in a research laboratory instead of its natural setting, researchers gain:
A) internal validity.
B) independence.
C) generalizability.
D) dependence.

Accepted Answer

Conducting a study in a research laboratory allows researchers to control variables more effectively, thereby increasing the internal validity of the study. This means the results are more likely to be a direct consequence of the manipulation of the independent variable, rather than external factors.

Question 11

When comparing correlational and experimental designs _____ is a factor more closely associated with experiments.
A) random assignment
B) experimental control
C) internal validity
D) causation

Accepted Answer

The answer of When comparing correlational and experimental designs _____...

Question 12

(Scenario II) Based on the information provided in the scenario, how did Kouchaki and colleagues operationally define guilt?
A) a feeling of shame or regret
B) backpack weight
C) selecting a healthy snack
D) a negative evaluation of the backpack

Accepted Answer

The answer of (Scenario II) Based on the information provided...

Question 13

(Scenario III) Suppose the researchers who conducted the study described in Scenario III surveyed participants about their caffeine use. Based on their answers, each participant was then assigned to the caffeine condition or control condition. This method of assignment is best described as:
A) random.
B) nonrandom.
C) matched.
D) pseudo-random.

Accepted Answer

The method of assignment described is nonrandom because participants were assigned to conditions based on their responses to a survey about their caffeine use, rather than being randomly assigned.

Question 14

In a study examining the effect of ignoring text messages on distraction, trying to ignore text messages is the _____ variable, whereas the amount of distraction is the _____ variable.
A) dependent; independent
B) independent; dependent
C) independent; experimental
D) dependent; experimental

Accepted Answer

In an experimental study, the independent variable is the one that is manipulated or varied by the researcher to observe its effects, in this case, the act of trying to ignore text messages. The dependent variable is the outcome that is measured to see how it is influenced by changes in the independent variable, which in this scenario is the amount of distraction.

Question 15

(Scenario I) Had participants in this study been allowed to select which group therapy they wanted to participate in, the researchers would have used _____ assignment.
A) random
B) nonrandom
C) quasi-random
D) matched-pair

Accepted Answer

Allowing participants to choose their group therapy would result in nonrandom assignment because the assignment to groups is based on the participants' preferences rather than a random process.

Question 16

(Scenario II) By randomly assigning participants to the heavy backpack condition or light backpack condition, the experimenters have:
A) reduced the likelihood that the participants will stay blinded to the research hypothesis.
B) minimized the influence of factors other than weight on their snack preference.
C) increased the external validity of the study.
D) ensured that weight alone caused the participants' snack preference.

Accepted Answer

By randomly assigning participants to different conditions, the experimenters minimize the influence of confounding variables, ensuring that differences in snack preference are more likely due to the weight of the backpack rather than other factors.

Question 17

(Scenario I) "Self-awareness will not differ between those who receive the B&L model of therapy and those who receive the S&M model of therapy" is an example of a(n):
A) experimental hypothesis.
B) control hypothesis.
C) null hypothesis.
D) research hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

This statement is an example of a null hypothesis because it predicts no difference or effect between the groups receiving different types of therapy.

Question 18

(Scenario III) The null hypothesis of the study described in Scenario III is:
A) caffeine will improve memory.
B) caffeine will impair memory.
C) caffeine will have no effect on memory.
D) caffeine may improve or impair memory.

Accepted Answer

The null hypothesis in a study typically states that there is no effect or difference. In this case, stating that caffeine will have no effect on memory aligns with the concept of a null hypothesis, which is usually tested against an alternative hypothesis that suggests a specific effect or difference.

Question 19

(Scenario I) Let's say you are skeptical of the results of this study. You set out to replicate it to determine for yourself whether group therapy improves self-awareness in individuals with a TBI. Since you don't have access to any of the instruments the authors used to measure self-awareness, you decide to measure it by simply asking participants how they see themselves. In doing this, you have changed:
A) the research design.
B) the levels of your independent variable.
C) the operational definition of your dependent variable.
D) the way in which you will analyze the results.

Accepted Answer

Changing the method of measuring self-awareness from the original study's instruments to simply asking participants how they see themselves alters the operational definition of the dependent variable, which in this case is self-awareness.

Question 20

(Scenario II) During the experiment one participant in the heavy backpack condition mentioned he had not eaten all day and was starving. In contrast to the majority of the other participants in the heavy backpack condition, he opted for the high-calorie, nonhealthy snack when leaving the laboratory. According to your text what should a good researcher do in this case?
A) Conduct a manipulation check.
B) Record this in their researcher notes.
C) Remove the participant from the study.
D) Reject the null hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

The researcher should record this observation in their notes as it may provide context for the participant's behavior and could be relevant for interpreting the results.

Quiz 8: Two-Group Design: Texting: I Cant Get You Out of My Mind

(Scenario II) Regardless of their assigned treatment condition, all participants were told, "We are working on manufacturing a new backpack and are interested in your thoughts. Please put this backpack on and have a seat." By using this standard this script the researchers were enhancing:

(Scenario II) Which of the following is NOT critically required to establish causality?

(Scenario I) In this study, researchers identified a relationship between group therapy and improvement in self-awareness. They were able to conclude that participating in group therapy causes self-awareness to improve because of:

For the study described in this chapter, the _ examined whether trying to ignore a text message leads to distraction, whereas the _ suggested that participants in the highly restricted cell phone use group will have worse test performance than those who are allowed to check their cell phones.

(Scenario III) In Scenario III the researchers included only those participants who were not regular caffeine drinkers. In doing do, the researchers:

(Scenario III) The experimental group in Scenario III included those who received _, whereas the control group included those _.

(Scenario I) Based on the information provided in Scenario I, which of the following statements BEST describes the data shown in Figure 1?

(Scenario III) The researchers who conducted the study described in Scenario III were able to make a causal statement about the effect of caffeine on memory because:

By choosing to conduct a study in a research laboratory instead of its natural setting, researchers gain:

When comparing correlational and experimental designs _____ is a factor more closely associated with experiments.

(Scenario II) Based on the information provided in the scenario, how did Kouchaki and colleagues operationally define guilt?

(Scenario III) Suppose the researchers who conducted the study described in Scenario III surveyed participants about their caffeine use. Based on their answers, each participant was then assigned to the caffeine condition or control condition. This method of assignment is best described as:

In a study examining the effect of ignoring text messages on distraction, trying to ignore text messages is the _ variable, whereas the amount of distraction is the _ variable.

(Scenario I) Had participants in this study been allowed to select which group therapy they wanted to participate in, the researchers would have used _____ assignment.

(Scenario II) By randomly assigning participants to the heavy backpack condition or light backpack condition, the experimenters have:

(Scenario I) "Self-awareness will not differ between those who receive the B&L model of therapy and those who receive the S&M model of therapy" is an example of a(n) :

(Scenario III) The null hypothesis of the study described in Scenario III is: