Question 1

Based on observations of his own children,Jean Piaget formed a theory about the cognitive development of all children.This is an example of ____ reasoning.
A)​inductive
B)​deductive
C)practical
D)​predictive

Accepted Answer

Inductive reasoning involves using specific observations or examples to draw general conclusions. Piaget observed his own children and developed a theory about all children, indicating that he used inductive reasoning to form his theory.

Question 2

A good research hypothesis should be ____.
A)​attention grabbing
B)​unique in the literature
C)testable and refutable
D)​consistent with prevailing theories

Accepted Answer

A good research hypothesis should be testable and refutable, meaning it can be proven or disproven through empirical data. While attention-grabbing and unique hypotheses may be interesting, they are not necessarily good indicators of a successful study. Additionally, a hypothesis does not need to be consistent with prevailing theories to be valid.

Question 3

What kind of reasoning uses a general statement to make conclusions about specific examples?
A)​inductive
B)​deductive
C)scientific
D)​predictive

Accepted Answer

Deductive reasoning starts with a general statement or premise and uses it to make specific conclusions. This type of reasoning moves from the general to the specific, in contrast to inductive reasoning which moves from specific examples to more general conclusions.

Question 4

Tiffany is researching methods used to treat autism spectrum disorders and begins by searching on the Internet.Which statement should make her suspicious that she is on a site rooted in pseudoscience?
A)​The entire website is plastered with testimonials from family members that describe seemingly miraculous cures.
B)The site contains links to research published in peer-reviewed journals that evaluate the treatment method.
C)The treatment methods described on the site are clearly defined, as are the expected outcomes.
D)​The site provides clear explanations of how the treatment methods are tied to existing theories of the causes of autism.

Accepted Answer

Testimonials are not scientific evidence and are often used in pseudoscientific practices to appeal to emotional responses rather than rational thinking.

Question 5

What is meant by the saying,"science is empirical?"
A)​Scientific answers are based on direct observation.
B)​Scientific answers are based on deductive reasoning.
C)Scientific answers are based on inductive reasoning.
D)​Scientific answers are made available for evaluation by others.

Accepted Answer

The term "empirical" means that something is based on observation or direct data collection. Therefore, when we say that science is empirical, it means that scientific answers are based on direct observation, experiments, or measurements.

Question 6

Using observations of a small number of humans to make a statement about human behavior in general is an example of ____ reasoning.
A)​inductive
B)​deductive
C)practical
D)​predictive

Accepted Answer

Inductive reasoning involves using specific observations or examples to make generalizations or conclusions about a larger group or phenomenon. This is what is happening in this scenario - a small number of humans are being observed and conclusions are being made about human behavior in general. Deductive reasoning, on the other hand, starts with a general principle or theory and uses it to make predictions about specific observations or situations. Practical reasoning is concerned with making decisions based on what is practical or useful in a given situation. Predictive reasoning involves using current data to make predictions about future events or trends.

Question 7

A researcher conducts a study in which 50 college students are assigned to different treatments and tested.In the study,the students are called ____.
A)​associates
B)​cohorts
C)participants
D)​subjects

Accepted Answer

The answer of A researcher conducts a study in which...

Question 8

The phrase "science is objective" means that scientific answers are ____.
A)​based on direct observation
B)​based on logical reasoning
C)not influenced by researcher bias
D)​made available for evaluation by others

Accepted Answer

The phrase "science is objective" means that scientific answers are not influenced by researcher bias, meaning they are impartial and unbiased. While scientific answers may be based on direct observation and logical reasoning, these factors do not necessarily guarantee objectivity. Additionally, the fact that scientific answers are made available for evaluation by others does not necessarily ensure objectivity, as the evaluations themselves may be influenced by bias.

Question 9

A researcher conducts a study in which 50 rats are assigned to different treatments and tested.In the study,the rats are called research ____.
A)​associates
B)​cohorts
C)participants
D)​subjects

Accepted Answer

In research studies involving animals, the animals are typically referred to as subjects. Therefore, choice D is the best option. The other choices may be more appropriate for human research studies.

Question 10

In a chemistry class,a group of students try mixing two chemicals together to see what will happen.These students are using the ____ method to gather information.
A)​empirical
B)​rational 
C)intuitive
D)​scientific

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a chemistry class,a group of students...

Question 11

Which of the following is the best description of the scientific method?
A)​a circular process that leads to a final answer
B)​a linear process that moves directly to a final answer
C)a circular process that leads to a tentative answer
D)​a linear process that leads to a tentative answer

Accepted Answer

The scientific method is a circular process that involves formulating a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data through experimentation or observation, and drawing conclusions based on the evidence. However, these conclusions may only be tentative and subject to further testing and refinement. The process of the scientific method may go through multiple iterations before arriving at a more definitive answer, but it never truly reaches a final answer or conclusion.

Question 12

A hypothesis is a ____ statement and a prediction is a ____ statement.
A)​specific; general
B)​specific; specific
C)general; specific
D)​general; general

Accepted Answer

A hypothesis is a general statement that proposes a possible explanation to some phenomenon or event, while a prediction is a specific statement that forecasts what would happen in a particular experiment or observation if the hypothesis were true.

Question 13

Pseudoscience is based on ____.
A)​testable hypotheses
B)​objective evidence
C)subjective evidence
D)​refutable hypotheses

Accepted Answer

Pseudoscience is based on subjective evidence or anecdotal accounts rather than objective evidence and testable or refutable hypotheses.

Question 14

In the scientific method,a prediction is evaluated by ____.​
A)​making systematic, planned observations
B)​determining the hypothesis of best fit
C)logically evaluating the implications
D)​using it to explain established phenomena

Accepted Answer

Predictions in the scientific method are evaluated through making systematic, planned observations to test whether the predictions hold true under specific conditions.

Question 15

When people make an observation,then form a hypothesis that explains the observation,and then make more observations to test the credibility of the hypothesis,they are using the ____.
A)​empirical method
B)​rational method
C)scientific method
D)​method of authority

Accepted Answer

The scientific method involves making observations, forming a hypothesis to explain those observations, testing the hypothesis through further observations or experiments, and revising or discarding the hypothesis based on the results. This is a systematic and empirical approach to understanding the natural world, and is the basis of most scientific inquiry. The other options - empirical method, rational method, and method of authority - may play a role in scientific research, but they are not synonymous with the scientific method itself.

Question 16

Lowell is very concerned about his grandmother,who has recently been diagnosed with dementia.He wants to learn more about it,and checks out the jacket quotes on some currently popular books.Which quote should reassure him that the book is based in science rather than pseudoscience?
A)​"This book saved my wife from a lonely death in a nursing home!"
B)​"Big Pharma does not want you to know about curing dementia!"
C)"From laboratory research to clinical trials: evaluating the treatment of dementia."
D)​"Find out what REALLY causes dementia and why health agencies do not care."

Accepted Answer

The quote "From laboratory research to clinical trials: evaluating the treatment of dementia" suggests that the book is based on scientific research and evaluation, rather than unsupported claims or conspiracy theories. The other quotes use sensational language or make unsupported claims that are not based in science.

Question 17

The third step of the scientific method uses a general hypothesis to develop a testable predication.This step involves the use of ____.
A)​induction
B)​deduction
C)analysis
D)​synthesis

Accepted Answer

The third step of the scientific method involves using deduction to develop a testable prediction. Deduction involves using a general hypothesis to make specific predictions about what should be observed in a particular situation or experiment.

Question 18

A distinction between science and pseudoscience is that ____.
A)​science focuses on the theoretical, not the practical
B)​science is based on hypotheses that are testable and refutable
C)science examines a topic that has never been investigated
D)​science aims to make definite conclusions about a topic

Accepted Answer

Science is based on hypotheses that are testable and refutable, meaning that they can be tested through empirical methods and may be proven false if evidence contradicts them. Pseudoscience, on the other hand, often makes claims that cannot be tested or proven through empirical methods.

Question 19

Publically repeating a study by copying the methods exactly is referred to as ____.
A)​empiricism
B)​replication
C)control
D)​tenacity

Accepted Answer

Replication refers to the process of repeating a study using the same methods to test the reliability of the original findings. This is an important aspect of scientific research as it helps to establish the generalizability of results and confirms the validity of the original study. Empiricism refers to the view that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience, control refers to the manipulation of variables in an experiment, and tenacity refers to the stubborn persistence of beliefs despite contradictory evidence.

Question 20

What kind of reasoning uses a few specific observations to produce a statement about a larger possible set of observations?
A)​inductive
B)​deductive
C)scientific
D)​predictive

Accepted Answer

This describes inductive reasoning, which involves drawing conclusions from specific observations to make generalizations about a larger group of observations. It is used frequently in scientific research and is based on probability rather than certainty.

Quiz 1: Introduction, Acquiring Knowledge, and the Scientific Method.

Based on observations of his own children,Jean Piaget formed a theory about the cognitive development of all children.This is an example of ____ reasoning.

A good research hypothesis should be ____.

What kind of reasoning uses a general statement to make conclusions about specific examples?

Tiffany is researching methods used to treat autism spectrum disorders and begins by searching on the Internet.Which statement should make her suspicious that she is on a site rooted in pseudoscience?

What is meant by the saying,"science is empirical?"

Using observations of a small number of humans to make a statement about human behavior in general is an example of ____ reasoning.

A researcher conducts a study in which 50 college students are assigned to different treatments and tested.In the study,the students are called ____.

The phrase "science is objective" means that scientific answers are ____.

A researcher conducts a study in which 50 rats are assigned to different treatments and tested.In the study,the rats are called research ____.

In a chemistry class,a group of students try mixing two chemicals together to see what will happen.These students are using the ____ method to gather information.

Which of the following is the best description of the scientific method?

A hypothesis is a statement and a prediction is a statement.

Pseudoscience is based on ____.

In the scientific method,a prediction is evaluated by ____.

When people make an observation,then form a hypothesis that explains the observation,and then make more observations to test the credibility of the hypothesis,they are using the ____.

Lowell is very concerned about his grandmother,who has recently been diagnosed with dementia.He wants to learn more about it,and checks out the jacket quotes on some currently popular books.Which quote should reassure him that the book is based in science rather than pseudoscience?

The third step of the scientific method uses a general hypothesis to develop a testable predication.This step involves the use of ____.

A distinction between science and pseudoscience is that ____.

Publically repeating a study by copying the methods exactly is referred to as ____.

What kind of reasoning uses a few specific observations to produce a statement about a larger possible set of observations?