Question 1

According to the principles of figure-ground organization, a region that corresponds to object shapes stored in memory is likely to be perceived as _____, and a region that is asymmetrical is likely to be perceived as _____.
A) figure; ground
B) ground; figure
C) figure; figure
D) ground; ground

Accepted Answer

According to the principles of figure-ground organization, a region that corresponds to object shapes stored in memory is more likely to be perceived as the figure, because our brains are predisposed to recognize familiar shapes and objects. Asymmetrical regions, which may lack recognizable features, are more likely to be perceived as the ground, serving as the backdrop to more distinct figures.

Question 2

_____ is the process by which the visual system determines the location, orientation, and curvature of visual borders in the retinal image.
A) Perceptual grouping
B) Border ownership
C) Perceptual interpolation
D) Edge extraction

Accepted Answer

Edge extraction is the process through which the visual system identifies the edges of objects in the visual field by determining the location, orientation, and curvature of visual borders in the retinal image. This is crucial for recognizing objects and understanding the visual scene.

Question 3

_____ refers to the fact that the world contains an enormous diversity of objects.
A) Image clutter
B) Object variety
C) Heuristics
D) Prosopagnosia

Accepted Answer

Object variety refers to the vast diversity of objects present in the world, encompassing everything from natural phenomena to man-made items, each with unique characteristics and features.

Question 4

According to the principles of figure-ground organization, a ground is more likely to be perceived in regions:
A) with symmetrical borders.
B) with concave borders.
C) that are completely surrounded by another region.
D) that are perceived to be in front of another region.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the principles of figure-ground organization,...

Question 5

In the context of neural basis of border ownership assignment in humans, Fang et al. (2009) conducted an fMRI experiment. In the experiment, the participants viewed two pinwheel-like patterns with elongated light and dark wedges. The results of this experiment demonstrated that the neurons in _____ play a role in border assignment.
A) area V1
B) area V2
C) area V4
D) the IT cortex area

Accepted Answer

Fang et al. (2009) found that neurons in area V2 of the brain are involved in border ownership assignment, indicating that this area plays a role in determining which side of a border owns the border, a fundamental aspect of visual processing and perception.

Question 6

The process by which the visual system combines separate regions of the retinal image that "go together" based on similar properties is called:
A) perceptual grouping.
B) border ownership.
C) perceptual interpolation.
D) figure-ground perception.

Accepted Answer

Perceptual grouping is the process by which the visual system combines separate regions of the retinal image that are perceived as having similar properties, such as color, lightness, shape, or texture. This concept is a fundamental mechanism in Gestalt psychology, which emphasizes that the whole of anything is greater than its parts.

Question 7

Perceptual organization, a part of the perceptual process, does NOT:
A) represent uniform regions bounded by edges.
B) group together regions that have similar properties.
C) use higher-level processes to represent objects fully enough to recognize them.
D) fill in missing edges and surfaces to obtain more complete representations of candidate objects.

Accepted Answer

Perceptual organization involves the grouping and simplification of visual information into more meaningful objects rather than the full recognition of these objects, which requires higher-level cognitive processes beyond the initial stages of visual perception.

Question 8

Jerome opens his refrigerator and finds a carton of milk partially blocking a carton of eggs. His visual system is still able to perceive the egg carton in its entirety. This illustrates:
A) perceptual grouping.
B) border ownership.
C) perceptual interpolation.
D) object variety.

Accepted Answer

Perceptual interpolation is the process by which the visual system fills in hidden or obscured parts of a visual image, allowing us to perceive objects as wholes even when they are partially blocked from view. In this scenario, Jerome's ability to perceive the entire carton of eggs despite it being partially blocked by the milk carton is an example of perceptual interpolation.

Question 9

When people watch an ice-skating show, they perceptually place all the people skating to the left in one group and those skating to the right in a separate group. According to the principles of perceptual grouping clarified by the Gestalt psychologists, this illustrates the principle of:
A) proximity.
B) similarity.
C) common motion.
D) symmetry.

Accepted Answer

This illustrates the principle of common motion, where elements moving in the same direction are perceived as part of the same group.

Question 10

_____, a complication in the analysis of object recognition, refers to a characteristic of visual scenes in which many objects are scattered in 3-D space, with partial occlusion of various parts of objects by other objects.
A) Image clutter
B) Object variety
C) Topographic agnosia
D) Prosopagnosia

Accepted Answer

Image clutter refers to the complexity in visual scenes where multiple objects are present in a three-dimensional space, often leading to parts of objects being obscured or occluded by others. This can complicate the process of object recognition.

Question 11

According to the Danish psychologist Edgar Rubin (1921/2001), when there is an ambiguity of border ownership for images with black and white regions, the border between the two regions is perceived as belonging to:
A) the white region only.
B) the black region only.
C) one region or the other.
D) both the regions simultaneously.

Accepted Answer

Rubin's figure-ground segregation theory suggests that when there is ambiguity in images, the border between black and white regions can be perceived as belonging to either region, depending on how the image is interpreted by the viewer. This means the perception of border ownership can switch between one region or the other.

Question 12

People suffering from a condition known as prosopagnosia are NOT able to:
A) drive a car.
B) read a book.
C) recognize people by their hair color and style.
D) recognize people by their faces.

Accepted Answer

Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, is a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to recognize faces.

Question 13

According to the principles of figure-ground organization, a region with symmetrical borders is more likely to be seen as a _____, and a region with convex (outward-bulging) borders is more likely to be perceived as a _____.
A) figure; figure
B) ground; figure
C) figure; ground
D) ground; ground

Accepted Answer

According to the principles of figure-ground organization in Gestalt psychology, regions with symmetrical and convex borders are more likely to be perceived as figures rather than the background (ground). This is because symmetrical and convex shapes are easier for our visual systems to segregate from their surroundings, making them stand out as objects of focus.

Question 14

According to the principles of perceptual grouping clarified by the Gestalt psychologists, the principle of _____ states that elements that are close together group more easily than elements that are far apart.
A) proximity
B) similarity
C) good continuation
D) symmetry and parallelism

Accepted Answer

The principle of proximity states that objects or shapes that are close to one another appear to form groups. This is one of the key principles identified by Gestalt psychologists to explain how humans naturally perceive visual elements as unified wholes.

Question 15

_____ refer to the different retinal images that can be projected by the same object or category of objects, depending on the orientation of the object and the viewpoint of the observer.
A) Edges
B) Regions
C) Variable views
D) Illusory contours

Accepted Answer

Variable views refer to the phenomenon where the same object can project different images onto the retina based on its orientation and the observer's viewpoint. This concept is crucial in understanding how humans recognize objects from different angles and perspectives.

Question 16

_____ refers to the perception that an edge is possessed by a particular region of the retinal image.
A) Perceptual grouping
B) Border ownership
C) Perceptual interpolation
D) Figure-ground perception

Accepted Answer

Border ownership refers to the cognitive perception where a particular side of a border is perceived as belonging to a specific shape or figure, indicating which side of the border owns the edge in the visual field.

Question 17

According to the principles of perceptual grouping clarified by the Gestalt psychologists, the principle of _____ states that elements that are alike tend to group together.
A) proximity
B) similarity
C) common motion
D) symmetry and parallelism

Accepted Answer

The principle of similarity states that elements that are similar in appearance are more likely to be perceived as belonging to the same group. This is a fundamental concept in Gestalt psychology, which emphasizes how humans naturally organize visual elements into groups or unified wholes when certain principles are applied.

Question 18

According to the principles of perceptual grouping clarified by the Gestalt psychologists, the principle of _____ states that elements that move in unison are likely to be perceptually grouped.
A) proximity
B) similarity
C) common motion
D) symmetry and parallelism

Accepted Answer

The principle of common motion, as identified by Gestalt psychologists, suggests that elements moving in the same direction or in a synchronized manner are perceived as part of the same group or object. This principle helps in understanding how we perceive motion and organize visual elements based on their movement.

Question 19

The process by which the visual system fills in hidden edges and surfaces in order to represent the entirety of a partially visible object is called:
A) figure-ground perception.
B) border ownership.
C) perceptual grouping.
D) perceptual interpolation.

Accepted Answer

Perceptual interpolation is the process where the visual system fills in hidden or missing parts of a visual image, allowing us to perceive a whole object even when parts of it are obscured. This helps in understanding the entirety of a partially visible object by filling in gaps based on the surrounding visual information.

Question 20

_____ refers to a pattern of neural activity in the brain that contains information about a stimulus and gives rise to a subjective perceptual experience of that stimulus, and _____ refers to the process of matching the representation of a stimulus to a representation stored in long-term memory, based on previous encounters with that stimulus or with similar stimuli.
A) Representation; recognition
B) Recognition; representation
C) Perceptual grouping; perceptual interpolation
D) Perceptual interpolation; perceptual grouping

Accepted Answer

Representation refers to the neural activity pattern encoding stimulus information, leading to perception. Recognition is matching this representation to memory.

Quiz 4: Recognizing Visual Objects

According to the principles of figure-ground organization, a region that corresponds to object shapes stored in memory is likely to be perceived as _, and a region that is asymmetrical is likely to be perceived as _.

_____ is the process by which the visual system determines the location, orientation, and curvature of visual borders in the retinal image.

_____ refers to the fact that the world contains an enormous diversity of objects.

According to the principles of figure-ground organization, a ground is more likely to be perceived in regions:

The process by which the visual system combines separate regions of the retinal image that "go together" based on similar properties is called:

Perceptual organization, a part of the perceptual process, does NOT:

Jerome opens his refrigerator and finds a carton of milk partially blocking a carton of eggs. His visual system is still able to perceive the egg carton in its entirety. This illustrates:

When people watch an ice-skating show, they perceptually place all the people skating to the left in one group and those skating to the right in a separate group. According to the principles of perceptual grouping clarified by the Gestalt psychologists, this illustrates the principle of:

_____, a complication in the analysis of object recognition, refers to a characteristic of visual scenes in which many objects are scattered in 3-D space, with partial occlusion of various parts of objects by other objects.

According to the Danish psychologist Edgar Rubin (1921/2001) , when there is an ambiguity of border ownership for images with black and white regions, the border between the two regions is perceived as belonging to:

People suffering from a condition known as prosopagnosia are NOT able to:

According to the principles of figure-ground organization, a region with symmetrical borders is more likely to be seen as a _, and a region with convex (outward-bulging) borders is more likely to be perceived as a _.

According to the principles of perceptual grouping clarified by the Gestalt psychologists, the principle of _____ states that elements that are close together group more easily than elements that are far apart.

_____ refer to the different retinal images that can be projected by the same object or category of objects, depending on the orientation of the object and the viewpoint of the observer.

_____ refers to the perception that an edge is possessed by a particular region of the retinal image.

According to the principles of perceptual grouping clarified by the Gestalt psychologists, the principle of _____ states that elements that are alike tend to group together.

According to the principles of perceptual grouping clarified by the Gestalt psychologists, the principle of _____ states that elements that move in unison are likely to be perceptually grouped.

The process by which the visual system fills in hidden edges and surfaces in order to represent the entirety of a partially visible object is called: