Question 1

One of the advantages of archival research is that the researcher can
A)expect honest answers from respondents.
B)have access to more valid information.
C)easily give informed consent to the participants.
D)use existing data that has been collected by others.

Accepted Answer

One of the advantages of archival research is that the researcher can use existing data that has been collected by others, which provides a larger and more diverse range of data to analyze than would be possible in a traditional research study. This can lead to more valid findings, as the data is often collected over longer periods of time and from larger, more representative samples than traditional research methods allow for. Archival data can also eliminate potential bias introduced by participant self-reporting or researcher observation, leading to more objective data.

Question 2

In a study involving altruism in restaurants, Elena focused only on the helping behaviors that each restaurant employee demonstrated (and not on any other types of behaviors).This is an example of which of the following?
A)Event sampling
B)Time sampling
C)Individual sampling
D)Snowball sampling

Accepted Answer

Event sampling involves focusing on a specific event or behavior that is of interest, and in this case, Elena is only observing helping behaviors in restaurants.

Question 3

Which of the following is not an example of a case study as described in your textbook?
A)Stanley Milgram's research on obedience
B)The study of Phineas Gage's behavior after a railroad accident
C)The developmental work of Jean Piaget
D)The psychoanalytic studies of Sigmund Freud

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is not an...

Question 4

Fowler, Lilienfield, and Patrick (2009) studied the extent to which observers agreed on judgments of psychopathy after viewing "thin slices" (short glimpses) of the behavior of prisoners.The researchers based their findings on which of the following?
A)Content analysis.
B)Ecological validity
C)Inter-rater reliability
D)Inter-rater validity

Accepted Answer

The study measured the extent to which observers agreed on judgments, which is a measure of inter-rater reliability. This was done after viewing "thin slices" of behavior, which suggests that the study had some ecological validity (i.e., a representation of real-life behavior). However, the study did not involve content analysis or inter-rater validity.

Question 5

Alex is interested in studying aggressive driving patterns.He gets in his car, cuts some people off on the highway and has his passenger code how the other drivers react.Alex is using which of the following types of observational research?
A)Acknowledged participant
B)Acknowledged observer
C)Unacknowledged participant
D)Unacknowledged observer

Accepted Answer

Alex is a participant in the study as he is actively engaging in the behavior being studied but is not informing the other drivers of his intentions or the fact that he is conducting a study, so he is unacknowledged.

Question 6

In order to reduce observer bias in an observational research design, a researcher might
A)set the alpha level prior to observing.
B)use field notes or brief reports to record data.
C)specify ahead of time who will be observed and for how long.
D)use a stratified random sample.

Accepted Answer

By specifying ahead of time who will be observed and for how long, the researcher can reduce the likelihood of selectively choosing or interpreting data based on preconceived notions or biases. This helps ensure that all data is collected in a systematic and objective manner. Setting alpha level or using field notes can be helpful in reducing bias but they are not directly related to the observer bias. Using a stratified random sample can reduce bias but it is not directly related to observer bias.

Question 7

Case studies differ from observational research because they
A)assess people in a natural setting.
B)make use of the Chi-square analysis.
C)may assess the behavior of only one person.
D)are more useful in creating valid samples.

Accepted Answer

Case studies involve intense investigation and analysis of an individual or a small group of individuals. In contrast, observational research typically involves data collection on a larger sample size in a naturalistic setting. Furthermore, the other options presented do not accurately describe the fundamental differences between case studies and observational research.

Question 8

Which of the following observational research methods is most likely to create ethical problems?
A)Acknowledged participant
B)Unacknowledged participant
C)Unacknowledged experimenter
D)Acknowledged experimenter

Accepted Answer

Unacknowledged participant (also known as covert observation) involves observing individuals without them knowing they are being observed. This can raise ethical issues related to privacy, autonomy, and informed consent.

Quiz 7: Naturalistic Methods

One of the advantages of archival research is that the researcher can

In a study involving altruism in restaurants, Elena focused only on the helping behaviors that each restaurant employee demonstrated (and not on any other types of behaviors) .This is an example of which of the following?

Which of the following is not an example of a case study as described in your textbook?

Fowler, Lilienfield, and Patrick (2009) studied the extent to which observers agreed on judgments of psychopathy after viewing "thin slices" (short glimpses) of the behavior of prisoners.The researchers based their findings on which of the following?

Alex is interested in studying aggressive driving patterns.He gets in his car, cuts some people off on the highway and has his passenger code how the other drivers react.Alex is using which of the following types of observational research?

In order to reduce observer bias in an observational research design, a researcher might

Case studies differ from observational research because they

Which of the following observational research methods is most likely to create ethical problems?