Question 1

The effect of a drug is the desired effect.
A) compound
B) placebo
C) secondary
D) primary

Accepted Answer

The primary effect of a drug is its main, intended, or desired effect.

Question 2

An advantage of administering a drug parenterally is
A) the drug is not delayed by the stomach emptying process.
B) it avoids the danger of the drug being mixed with food in the GI tract.
C) the drug is not exposed to gastric juices.
D) all of these answers.

Accepted Answer

Administering a drug parenterally (such as intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously) bypasses the digestive system and therefore avoids delays caused by the stomach emptying process, danger of the drug mixing with food in the GI tract, and exposure to gastric juices. Therefore, all of these answers are advantages of administering drugs parenterally.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true concerning the bioavailability of chemical compounds related to drug misuse abuse?
A) There is little known about drug distribution patterns in overdose situations.
B) The main site of biotransformation is the pancreas.
C) The effects of any compound are the same in animals as in humans.
D) The method of administration for a compound does not matter in pharmacokinetics.

Accepted Answer

The distribution patterns of drugs in overdose situations are not well understood, making it difficult to predict the bioavailability and effects of drugs in such cases.

Question 4

According to your text, in order for the user to experience the main effects of a pharmaceutical agent, he or she must
A) be willing to pay the fee for the prescription.
B) be willing to endure possible side effects from that compound.
C) not plan to use that compound to treat neurological deficiencies or trauma.
D) interpret the effects within the framework of his or her life at the time the compound was ingested.

Accepted Answer

The main effects of a pharmaceutical agent often come with possible side effects, and users must be willing to endure these to experience the intended therapeutic effects.

Question 5

Virtually all drugs of abuse known at this time
A) either once were or now are being investigated as potential pharmaceutical agents.
B) are not very different in chemical structure from earlier generations of recreational chemicals.
C) tend to enhance the function of the central nervous system.
D) are found to have their main effects outside of the central nervous system.

Accepted Answer

Many drugs of abuse have been or are currently being investigated as potential pharmaceutical agents due to their ability to affect various physiological and psychological processes in the body. Examples include opioids like morphine and heroin, which can be used as pain relievers, and amphetamines like Adderall, which can be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Question 6

For virtually all drugs of abuse, the site of action usually
A) is the central nervous system.
B) is on the contralateral side of the body from where it was administered.
C) involves the kidneys during the biotransformation process.
D) depends on how the substance was administered.

Accepted Answer

Most drugs of abuse exert their effects by acting on the central nervous system, altering brain function and resulting in changes in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior.

Question 7

Drugs that are abused comprise a special class of chemicals that are different from drugs that are used pharmaceutically.

Accepted Answer

Drugs that are abused and drugs used pharmaceutically can be the same substances; the difference often lies in how they are used (dosage, frequency, method of administration) rather than in their chemical composition. Many drugs have legitimate medical uses but can be abused if used in ways not prescribed by a healthcare provider.

Question 8

Jared is experiencing an overdose of heroin. He is rushed to the hospital and given another drug that blocks his opioid receptor sites, thus preventing the effects of the overdose from stopping his respiration. Jared was most likely given an opioid
A) agonist.
B) barrier.
C) antagonist.
D) regulator.

Accepted Answer

An opioid antagonist is a drug that blocks opioid receptors, preventing opioids like heroin from exerting their effects. Naloxone is a common opioid antagonist used in overdose situations.

Question 9

The term "skin popping" used by some drug addicts refers to the route of drug administration.
A) subcutaneous
B) intravenous
C) transdermal
D) enteral

Accepted Answer

"Skin popping" typically refers to the practice of injecting drugs subcutaneously (underneath the skin), rather than directly into a vein (intravenous administration) or through a patch on the skin (transdermal administration). Enteral administration involves giving a drug orally, typically through the mouth.

Question 10

According to your text, drugs of abuse and pharmaceuticals both
A) destroy emerging potentials within the body.
B) cause a disruption in protein absorption for most persons.
C) destroy most of the essential enzymes found in the brain.
D) modify a potential that already exists in the body or brain.

Accepted Answer

Drugs of abuse and pharmaceuticals modify a potential that already exists in the body or brain. They interact with specific receptors in the body or brain and alter the normal functioning of these receptors, leading to various effects. Some drugs have a similar chemical structure to neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that convey signals between neurons in the brain. By mimicking the actions of neurotransmitters, these drugs can activate or inhibit specific brain regions, resulting in various effects on behavior and mood. Similarly, some pharmaceuticals target specific receptors in the body to produce therapeutic effects.

Question 11

The effect of a drug is an unwanted side effect.
A) compound
B) placebo
C) secondary
D) primary

Accepted Answer

A secondary effect refers to an unintended or unwanted side effect of a drug.

Question 12

The subcutaneous method of drug administration
A) results in a more rapid onset of action than other methods of drug administration.
B) involves the injection of the compound just under the skin.
C) is the most common method by which narcotic analgesics are abused.
D) results in a more rapid response to the compound being injected than intramuscular injections.

Accepted Answer

The subcutaneous method of drug administration involves the injection of the compound just under the skin. It is not known for producing a more rapid onset of action than other methods of drug administration, it is not the most common method by which narcotic analgesics are abused, and it does not necessarily result in a more rapid response than intramuscular injections.

Question 13

A drug that has a narrow therapeutic window would
A) be easy to overdose.
B) be difficult to overdose.
C) never reach its peak effect.
D) reach its peak effect slowly.

Accepted Answer

A narrow therapeutic window means that there is a small range between the amount of the drug that produces a therapeutic effect and the amount that is toxic. This makes it easy to overdose, as a slight increase in dosage could push the drug into the toxic range.

Question 14

Which of the following is true regarding drugs of abuse?
A) The speed at which the compound begins to take effect varies as a result of the drug-specific site of action.
B) The heart and cardiovascular system are of minimal importance to the process of biotransformation.
C) The site of action is the central nervous system.
D) Rectal administration is quite common, although it is relatively inefficient.

Accepted Answer

Drugs of abuse primarily target the central nervous system, affecting neurotransmitter function and leading to changes in behavior and mood.

Option A is partially true, as the speed of onset can vary based on the drug's site of action, but it is not the only factor that determines this.

Option B is false, as the cardiovascular system is involved in the distribution and elimination of many drugs.

Option D is not relevant to the question and is also misleading, as rectal administration is not a common route for most drugs of abuse.

Question 15

A compound that is 98 percent lipid-bound means
A) 98 percent of that compound's molecules have formed chemical bonds with lipids found in the blood.
B) 98 percent of that compound's molecules are available for the body to use immediately.
C) 98 percent of the molecules for that compound are subject to elimination more rapidly because of being in this state.
D) 2 percent of the drug molecules are not available to have any biological effect.

Accepted Answer

When a compound is 98 percent lipid-bound, it means that 98 percent of its molecules have formed chemical bonds with lipids, typically in the blood, affecting its availability and activity.

Question 16

Which of the following is most accurate in regards to bioavailability?
A) It is concerned with the biotransformation process after a compound is administered into the human body.
B) It forces the body to absorb a compound more rapidly.
C) It is only 1/100,000th of an inch from drug molecules and the circulatory system.
D) It reflects the amount of a compound in the body that can exert an effect.

Accepted Answer

Bioavailability refers to the proportion of a drug or compound that enters the circulation when introduced into the body and is able to have an active effect.

Question 17

Which process is affected by factors such as the individual's sex, state of hydration, genetic heritage, general health, and muscle/adipose tissue ratio?
A) Peak effect
B) Drug interaction
C) Diffusion
D) Distribution

Accepted Answer

Distribution is the process by which a drug is transported from the site of administration to its target site of action in the body. Factors such as the individual's sex, state of hydration, genetic heritage, general health, and muscle/adipose tissue ratio can all affect the distribution of a drug throughout the body, which in turn can impact its effectiveness and potential for toxicity.

Question 18

All of the following are involved in the process of removing compounds from the body EXCEPT:
A) intravenous administration.
B) absorption.
C) distribution.
D) method of transport.

Accepted Answer

Intravenous administration is the process of introducing a substance directly into a vein. It is not involved in the process of removing compounds from the body.

Question 19

Isabel had been taking Valium, a benzodiazepine, for a few years to calm her nerves and help her sleep. She had her dosage increased by her doctor because her previous dosage wasn't helping her sleep at night anymore. One night, she went out with her husband for his company's annual Christmas party. She had never been much of a drinker, but that evening she wanted to enjoy a few cocktails. She was very careful not to mix her Valium with alcohol, as her doctor had warned her. Towards the end of the evening, Isabel realized that she had had at least 5 cocktails and didn't feel drunk at all. Which term may best describe why this happened?
A) Cross dependence
B) Cross tolerance
C) Up-regulation
D) Co-transmission

Accepted Answer

Cross tolerance occurs when tolerance to one drug leads to a decreased response to another drug. In this case, Isabel's chronic use of Valium led to a tolerance to its sedative effects, which then extended to alcohol, resulting in her ability to consume multiple drinks without feeling the typical effects of intoxication.

Question 20

Which process helps explains how a drug may change a neuron through shortening the duration of drug effects after repeated administration?
A) Tolerance/neuroadaptation
B) Reuptake
C) Co-transmission
D) Down regulation

Accepted Answer

Tolerance/neuroadaptation refers to the process where the body becomes accustomed to a drug over time, often leading to a reduced effect of the drug, which can involve changes in neurons such as receptor downregulation or other adaptive changes.

Quiz 3: A Brief Introduction to the Science of Pharmacology

The effect of a drug is the desired effect.

An advantage of administering a drug parenterally is

Which of the following statements is true concerning the bioavailability of chemical compounds related to drug misuse abuse?

According to your text, in order for the user to experience the main effects of a pharmaceutical agent, he or she must

Virtually all drugs of abuse known at this time

For virtually all drugs of abuse, the site of action usually

Drugs that are abused comprise a special class of chemicals that are different from drugs that are used pharmaceutically.

Jared is experiencing an overdose of heroin. He is rushed to the hospital and given another drug that blocks his opioid receptor sites, thus preventing the effects of the overdose from stopping his respiration. Jared was most likely given an opioid

The term "skin popping" used by some drug addicts refers to the route of drug administration.

According to your text, drugs of abuse and pharmaceuticals both

The effect of a drug is an unwanted side effect.

The subcutaneous method of drug administration

A drug that has a narrow therapeutic window would

Which of the following is true regarding drugs of abuse?

A compound that is 98 percent lipid-bound means

Which of the following is most accurate in regards to bioavailability?

Which process is affected by factors such as the individual's sex, state of hydration, genetic heritage, general health, and muscle/adipose tissue ratio?

All of the following are involved in the process of removing compounds from the body EXCEPT:

Which process helps explains how a drug may change a neuron through shortening the duration of drug effects after repeated administration?