Question 1

Camille is crawling and stops before crawling off an edge. This suggests that she
A) is prewired to avoid danger.
B) also perceives depth.
C) is afraid of changes in her environments.
D) is surprised by her ability to start and stop.

Accepted Answer

Camille's ability to stop before crawling off an edge indicates that she perceives depth, allowing her to recognize the potential danger of falling.

Question 2

Newborns
A) have better peripheral vision than adults.
B) are extremely farsighted.
C) have poorer peripheral vision than adults.
D) are unable to see in black and white because the rods of the retina are not developed at birth.

Accepted Answer

Newborns have poorer peripheral vision than adults because their visual system is not fully developed at birth, leading to limited peripheral vision capabilities compared to adults.

Question 3

In their classic study of depth perception, Gibson and Walk (1960) found that
A) one-month-olds would not cross the visual cliff.
B) boys crossed the visual cliff earlier than girls.
C) infants would cross the cliff if their mothers encouraged them to do so.
D) 8 out of 10 crawling infants would not cross onto the visual cliff.

Accepted Answer

Gibson and Walk's study found that most crawling infants (8 out of 10) would not cross the visual cliff, indicating they perceived depth and were wary of the apparent drop.

Question 4

By what age do infants show similar accuracy to adults in sound localization?
A) 6 months
B) 12 months
C) 18 months
D) 24 months

Accepted Answer

The answer of By what age do infants show similar...

Question 5

According to the work of Robert Fantz (1961), infants seem to have a visual preference for
A) the human face.
B) pastel colors.
C) simple outlines.
D) small dot patterns.

Accepted Answer

Robert Fantz's research in 1961 demonstrated that infants show a preference for looking at the human face over other patterns or objects, indicating an early interest and possibly an innate mechanism for recognizing faces.

Question 6

In the habituation method, infants show
A) new interest in something they have not seen before.
B) recognition by no longer responding to something they have seen before.
C) that they can distinguish parental voices by 4 weeks of age.
D) visual preferences by attending to objects they prefer longer.

Accepted Answer

Habituation refers to the process by which infants (and adults) decrease or cease their responses to a stimulus after repeated presentations. Essentially, when infants become familiar with a stimulus, they pay less attention to it, demonstrating recognition by no longer responding as they did initially.

Question 7

Research on language development shows that
A) infants are born prewired to learn their native language.
B) children are born able to speak any language and this ability never goes away.
C) children are born ready to learn any language, but quickly adapt to their native language.
D) children cannot discriminate the sounds of any language until about 2 years of age.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research on language development shows that
A) infants...

Question 8

Research shows that
A) even Olympic athletes represent a combination of "good genes" and the right environment.
B) Olympic athletes are born, not made.
C) environment makes all the difference in who will and who will not become an Olympian.
D) genetics are more likely to determine male accomplishments than female accomplishments.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that becoming an Olympic athlete involves both genetic predispositions and environmental factors such as training, nutrition, and coaching. There is no evidence to support that Olympians are solely born (B), that environment is the only factor (C), or that genetics play a different role based on gender (D).

Question 9

An example of shape constancy is
A) recognizing that a door is a rectangle whether it is closed or ajar.
B) perceiving a ruler to be 12 inches long even when viewed from 6 feet away.
C) seeing someone in your peripheral vision.
D) scanning a human face from the edges inward.

Accepted Answer

Shape constancy refers to the ability to perceive an object as having the same shape despite changes in the angle or distance from which it is viewed. Recognizing a door as a rectangle whether it is closed or ajar is an example of this phenomenon, as the perceived shape of the door remains constant despite changes in perspective.

Question 10

A research study by Joseph Campos and colleagues (1970) found that infants did not show a fear response to the visual cliff until 9 months of age. Apparently, infants must in order to develop a fear of heights.
A) have some experience crawling and falling down
B) have observed others falling down
C) be encouraged by their parents to cross the cliff
D) have developed an advanced sense of vision

Accepted Answer

The study suggests that infants develop a fear of heights after they have started crawling, which typically occurs around 9 months of age. This experience of mobility and the potential for falling seems to contribute to the development of caution or fear regarding heights.

Question 11

Baby Ray will be able to distinguish his mother's face from that of a stranger's
A) at birth.
B) within one month of birth.
C) after about 8 hours of exposure.
D) within 2 weeks.

Accepted Answer

Newborns can begin to recognize their mother's face after about 8 hours of exposure, as they start to develop visual recognition skills.

Question 12

When infants "look" at something,
A) they actually bounce from feature to feature, rather than staring.
B) they focus in on one feature and ignore all other features.
C) they are prewired to pay attention to subtle features.
D) they do not like anything out of the ordinary or different.

Accepted Answer

Infants tend to move their gaze from one feature to another rather than fixating on a single point, which helps them explore and learn about their environment.

Question 13

refers to an infant's ability to integrate sensations into meaningful patterns of events, or a mental map of the world.
A) Differentiation
B) Perception
C) Constancy
D) Canalization

Accepted Answer

Perception in infants refers to how they process and interpret sensory information from their environment, allowing them to create an understanding or a "mental map" of the world around them. This includes recognizing patterns, faces, and objects as meaningful.

Question 14

When looking at human faces, infants under two months of age prefer to look at
A) the edges, such as the chin.
B) the eyes.
C) the mouth.
D) the entire face.

Accepted Answer

Infants under two months of age tend to focus on high-contrast areas, such as the edges of the face, rather than specific features like the eyes or mouth.

Question 15

If stimuli A and B are the same object but are seen from different angles, what does it mean if the infant's heart rate and pattern of gazing do not change?
A) The infant does not recognize shape A, as it is a novel object.
B) The infant does not recognize shape B, as it is a novel object.
C) The infant recognizes shape A and B to be the same.
D) The child is lacking in shape and size constancy.

Accepted Answer

The lack of change in the infant's heart rate and gazing pattern suggests that the infant perceives stimuli A and B as the same object, indicating recognition of the object despite the different viewing angles. This demonstrates an understanding of object permanence and the ability to recognize an object's consistency even when its appearance changes.

Question 16

Ashley has grown to an adult height of five feet tall. Even though she would like to be taller, she will never grow taller than five feet. She is being restricted by
A) environmental limits.
B) a genetic limit called "reaction range."
C) limited nutrition and experience.
D) the limitations of her own mind.

Accepted Answer

Ashley's adult height is determined by her genetic makeup, which sets a range (known as the "reaction range") for potential height. This range can be influenced by environmental factors like nutrition and health, but ultimately, her genetics set the upper limit of her height.

Question 17

How can we assess infant visual preferences?
A) By inference only, as they do not have enough experience to have developed preferences
B) By measuring how long infants look at particular objects
C) By assessing the degree of peripheral vision, which approximates visual preference
D) By comparing against other sensory preferences

Accepted Answer

Measuring how long infants look at particular objects is a common method used to assess visual preferences. This method is based on the idea that infants will look longer at objects they find more interesting or visually appealing.

Question 18

According to a research study by Thomas Bower (1974), at what age do infants show the ability of size constancy?
A) 2 ½ -3 months
B) 5-6 months
C) 7-9 months
D) At approximately 12 months

Accepted Answer

Thomas Bower's research in 1974 demonstrated that infants as young as 2 ½ -3 months old exhibit the ability of size constancy, indicating they can recognize that an object remains the same size despite changes in the distance from which it is viewed.

Question 19

The greatest gains in visual acuity occur
A) from 9-12 months of age.
B) from 1-2 months of age.
C) from birth to 6 months of age.
D) not until late childhood.

Accepted Answer

Visual acuity develops rapidly from birth to 6 months of age, during which time infants' ability to see fine details improves significantly.

Question 20

If an infant perceives a door as the same shape whether it is closed or ajar, this represents
A) size constancy.
B) intellectual asymmetry.
C) perceptual constancy.
D) retinal parity.

Accepted Answer

Perceptual constancy refers to the ability of the perceptual system to recognize objects as having a constant shape, size, and color despite changes in perspective, distance, and lighting. In this case, recognizing a door as the same shape whether it is closed or ajar is an example of shape constancy, which is a type of perceptual constancy.

Quiz 5: Infancy-Physical-Development

Camille is crawling and stops before crawling off an edge. This suggests that she

Newborns

In their classic study of depth perception, Gibson and Walk (1960) found that

By what age do infants show similar accuracy to adults in sound localization?

According to the work of Robert Fantz (1961) , infants seem to have a visual preference for

In the habituation method, infants show

Research on language development shows that

Research shows that

An example of shape constancy is

A research study by Joseph Campos and colleagues (1970) found that infants did not show a fear response to the visual cliff until 9 months of age. Apparently, infants must in order to develop a fear of heights.

Baby Ray will be able to distinguish his mother's face from that of a stranger's

When infants "look" at something,

refers to an infant's ability to integrate sensations into meaningful patterns of events, or a mental map of the world.

When looking at human faces, infants under two months of age prefer to look at

If stimuli A and B are the same object but are seen from different angles, what does it mean if the infant's heart rate and pattern of gazing do not change?

Ashley has grown to an adult height of five feet tall. Even though she would like to be taller, she will never grow taller than five feet. She is being restricted by

How can we assess infant visual preferences?

According to a research study by Thomas Bower (1974) , at what age do infants show the ability of size constancy?

The greatest gains in visual acuity occur

If an infant perceives a door as the same shape whether it is closed or ajar, this represents