Question 1

Dana's mother suffers from serious depressive episodes. Dana is likely to
A) be at risk for depression herself.
B) become a happy-go-lucky child because she had to cope with so much.
C) act in an aggressive, criminal manner.
D) have intense attachments to her mother.

Accepted Answer

Research shows that individuals who have a parent with depression are at a higher risk for developing depression themselves. Therefore, it is likely that Dana is at risk for depression.

Question 2

Sammy was deprived of his mother and father's love as a child. Operant conditioning theorists would believe his childhood would result in ; cognitive theorists would emphasize the deprivation's effect on .
A) fixation at the oral stage; a lack of attachment
B) a lack of social skills; brain damage
C) conditioned avoidance responses; conditioned stimuli
D) a lack of social skills; dysfunctional self-schemas

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning theorists would focus on the lack of social skills due to the absence of reinforcement from parental love, while cognitive theorists would emphasize the development of dysfunctional self-schemas due to the deprivation.

Question 3

Which parental style is characterized by warmth, control, and communication?
A) Authoritarian
B) Permissive/indulgent
C) Authoritative
D) Neglectful-uninvolved

Accepted Answer

The authoritative parenting style is characterized by high levels of warmth, control, and communication. Unlike the authoritarian style, authoritative parents listen to their children's opinions and encourage independence, while still setting clear boundaries and expectations. This has been shown to promote healthy social and emotional development in children.

Question 4

Lasting negative effects of abuse on psychological functioning are most likely when the abuse occurs in
A) early childhood.
B) adolescence.
C) early adulthood.
D) old age.

Accepted Answer

Research consistently shows that abuse in early childhood has the most lasting and severe negative effects on psychological functioning, including increased risk for depression, anxiety, PTSD, personality disorders, and substance abuse. This is because early childhood is a critical period for brain development and attachment formation, and traumatic experiences during this time can disrupt these processes in ways that have long-term consequences. Abuse during other developmental periods can still have negative effects, but they are generally less severe and more dependent on factors such as the type and severity of the abuse, the duration of the abuse, and the child's coping resources.

Question 5

Studies on the cultural differences in parental tolerance of under- or overcontrolled behavior suggest that
A) these different styles can produce different rates of problem behaviors in different cultures.
B) parental styles make no difference in rates of different behavior problems - they seem to be primarily genetic.
C) parental styles make no difference in rates of different behavior problems - they seem to be independent of culture.
D) all cultures feel the same about bringing their children for treatment, regardless of the type of behavior problem.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that cultural differences in parental tolerance of under- or overcontrolled behavior can lead to different rates of problem behaviors in different cultures. For example, in some cultures, parents may be more tolerant of aggressive behavior, while in others, they may be more intolerant of disobedience or non-compliance. This can lead to differences in rates of behavior problems depending on the cultural context.

Question 6

Which of the following statements regarding divorce and psychopathology is true?
A) A causal relationship has been established between psychopathology and a parental divorce.
B) There is a positive correlation between psychopathology and divorce.
C) The adverse effects of parental divorce are always temporary.
D) While a relationship between parental divorce and psychopathology has been established, there are no data to suggest that divorced persons experience an increased rate of psychopathology.

Accepted Answer

Studies have consistently found a positive correlation between psychopathology and divorce, with individuals who have experienced divorce reporting higher levels of anxiety, depression, and other psychological symptoms. However, it is important to note that correlation does not necessarily imply causation, and factors such as pre-existing mental health issues and post-divorce stressors may also contribute to this relationship. Furthermore, while some individuals may experience long-lasting effects of parental divorce, for many the negative impact is temporary and diminishes over time with therapeutic support and healthy coping strategies.

Question 7

The effects of early social deprivation
A) are explained differently by the various psychosocial perspectives.
B) have not been well-established.
C) can't be explained by psychosocial theories.
D) are not seen when physical needs are adequately met.

Accepted Answer

The various psychosocial perspectives offer different explanations for the effects of early social deprivation on development.

Question 8

The four parenting styles described in the text differ along two dimensions, warmth and control. The style associated with the most positive developmental outcome is best described as in warmth and in control.
A) high; low
B) low; low
C) high; moderately high
D) low; moderately high

Accepted Answer

The parenting style associated with the most positive developmental outcome is the authoritative parenting style, which is characterized by high warmth (supportive and responsive) and moderately high control (enforcing rules and expectations while allowing for some flexibility). This style fosters secure attachment, self-esteem, social competence, academic achievement, and positive behavior. The other styles (authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved) are associated with various negative outcomes such as anxiety, depression, aggression, delinquency, and poor academic and social performance.

Question 9

Cross-cultural research on stress demonstrates that
A) depression is a common response to life challenges in all countries studied.
B) stress rarely leads to any evidence of illness in non-Western cultures.
C) responses to stress vary cross-culturally.
D) culture-specific reactions are not seen to alterations in the environment.

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural research shows that responses to stress can vary significantly across different cultures due to varying cultural norms, values, and coping mechanisms.

Question 10

Which of the following explanations for the relationship between SES and abnormal behavior is supported by the existing data?
A) Low SES may cause abnormal behavior.
B) Abnormal behavior is more likely to go untreated in those of low SES.
C) Recovery from loss of a job may be more difficult for those exhibiting signs of mental illness.
D) All of the above.

Accepted Answer

Existing data supports that low SES can contribute to abnormal behavior due to stress and lack of resources, untreated mental health issues are more prevalent in low SES due to barriers to healthcare, and mental illness can complicate recovery from job loss.

Question 11

Children from lower-SES families
A) are more likely to be resilient adults that those from higher-SES families.
B) show no signs of ill effects if there is an increase in SES before age 5.
C) are not affected by SES status unless persistent employment is the reason for the economic hardships of the family.
D) are less likely to show ill effects of SES status if they possess a high IQ and develop healthy attachments to adults and peers.

Accepted Answer

Children from lower-SES families are less likely to show ill effects if they have protective factors such as a high IQ and healthy attachments, which can buffer against the negative impacts of low SES.

Question 12

Why is it difficult to determine the nature of the relationship between divorce and the psychological functioning of family members?
A) Cause and effect cannot be determined as preexisting behavioral abnormalities in either the parents or the children may make divorce more likely.
B) The findings have been too inconsistent for any conclusions to be drawn.
C) While the effects of divorce are negative on children, the effects on the spouses are generally positive.
D) Due to modern acceptance of divorce, there has been an ongoing decrease in the negative effects of divorce. As the impact of divorce has been decreasing, the effect of divorce on family functioning has become impossible to detect.

Accepted Answer

It is difficult to determine the nature of the relationship between divorce and the psychological functioning of family members because cause and effect cannot be determined as preexisting behavioral abnormalities in either the parents or the children may make divorce more likely. This means that it is difficult to know whether the divorce caused the psychological functioning issues or whether they were present before the divorce.

Question 13

A lack of social skills, poor school performance, and moodiness have all been associated with which of the following parenting styles?
A) Authoritarian
B) Permissive/indulgent
C) Authoritative
D) Neglectful-uninvolved

Accepted Answer

The answer of A lack of social skills, poor school...

Question 14

A psychologist who takes an eclectic approach is most likely to make which of the following statements?
A) "With the pace of discovery in science increasing, it is necessary to have one consistent approach to one's research."
B) "The beauty of an eclectic approach is that it requires one to integrate many ideas into one, synthesized viewpoint."
C) "I will accept any explanation from psychoanalytic to biological as long as it works."
D) "Clinical practice that is not guided by a theoretical rationale is guaranteed to be ineffective."

Accepted Answer

An eclectic approach involves using multiple theories and methods, accepting any explanation that works, regardless of its origin.

Question 15

A major factor associated with a child's rejection by peers is
A) overly aggressive behavior.
B) being too intelligent.
C) socioeconomic background.
D) a lack of empathy.

Accepted Answer

Overly aggressive behavior is a major factor associated with a child's rejection by peers. Children who consistently engage in disruptive or aggressive behaviors can be perceived as threatening or unpleasant by their peers, leading to social exclusion and rejection.

Question 16

According to Bowlby,
A) despair is a normal response to separation.
B) the display of despair in response to separation is indicative of an insecure attachment.
C) frequent parental separation in infancy contributes to the development of resiliency.
D) the failure to experience normal parental separations in infancy contributes to an inability to tolerate relationship-related stressors in adulthood.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Bowlby,
A) despair is a normal...

Question 17

An elementary school principal wants to know the best predictors of juvenile delinquency and dropping out of school in high school so she can provide preventive interventions. Your best advice is:
A) "Look for kids who are very popular because they are class clowns."
B) "Silent, depressed, loners tend to be dropouts because they are often depressed."
C) "There is no way to predict juvenile delinquency as early as elementary school."
D) "The best predictor is aggression toward peers, which leads to peer rejection."

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently found that aggression toward peers predicts later delinquency and school dropout. It is important to intervene early to address these aggressive behaviors and provide appropriate support to prevent negative outcomes later on. Option A is incorrect as class clowns may not necessarily display delinquent behavior, and popularity does not always lead to negative behaviors. Option B is also incorrect as not all loners are at-risk for delinquency or dropping out of school, and depression does not always lead to negative behaviors. Option C is incorrect as it is possible to identify risk factors for delinquency and dropping out of school in elementary school, and early intervention can help prevent negative outcomes.

Question 18

A psychologist who studied the relationship between sociocultural factors and mental disorders would be most likely to study
A) parenting style and self-schemas.
B) poverty and racial discrimination.
C) peer rejection and attributional style.
D) assimilation and accommodation.

Accepted Answer

Sociocultural factors refer to the social and cultural influences that impact an individual's development, behavior, and mental health. Poverty and racial discrimination are significant sociocultural factors that have been linked to an increased risk of mental disorders. Therefore, a psychologist studying the relationship between sociocultural factors and mental disorders would most likely focus on these issues. Choices A, C, and D are related to psychological processes rather than sociocultural factors.

Question 19

Infant characteristics
A) do not affect parental behavior.
B) only affect parental behavior when psychopathology is present.
C) are not influenced by biological factors.
D) can influence the quality of attachment relationships.

Accepted Answer

Infant characteristics, such as temperament and behavior, can have an impact on the quality of attachment relationships that develop between infants and their parents. This is because certain infant characteristics may be perceived as more challenging or difficult to manage, which can affect the way that parents interact with and respond to their child. Alternatively, infants with more easily manageable characteristics may elicit more positive and responsive caregiving behaviors from their parents.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a culture-bound syndrome?
A) amok
B) latah
C) hoopa
D) zar

Accepted Answer

"Hoopa" is not recognized as a culture-bound syndrome, whereas "amok," "latah," and "zar" are known culture-bound syndromes associated with specific cultural contexts.

Quiz 3: Causal Factors and Viewpoints

Dana's mother suffers from serious depressive episodes. Dana is likely to

Sammy was deprived of his mother and father's love as a child. Operant conditioning theorists would believe his childhood would result in ; cognitive theorists would emphasize the deprivation's effect on .

Which parental style is characterized by warmth, control, and communication?

Lasting negative effects of abuse on psychological functioning are most likely when the abuse occurs in

Studies on the cultural differences in parental tolerance of under- or overcontrolled behavior suggest that

Which of the following statements regarding divorce and psychopathology is true?

The effects of early social deprivation

The four parenting styles described in the text differ along two dimensions, warmth and control. The style associated with the most positive developmental outcome is best described as in warmth and in control.

Cross-cultural research on stress demonstrates that

Which of the following explanations for the relationship between SES and abnormal behavior is supported by the existing data?

Children from lower-SES families

Why is it difficult to determine the nature of the relationship between divorce and the psychological functioning of family members?

A lack of social skills, poor school performance, and moodiness have all been associated with which of the following parenting styles?

A psychologist who takes an eclectic approach is most likely to make which of the following statements?

A major factor associated with a child's rejection by peers is

According to Bowlby,

An elementary school principal wants to know the best predictors of juvenile delinquency and dropping out of school in high school so she can provide preventive interventions. Your best advice is:

A psychologist who studied the relationship between sociocultural factors and mental disorders would be most likely to study

Infant characteristics

Which of the following is NOT a culture-bound syndrome?