Question 1

In an artificial neural network, what must be true about the threshold value of a neuron that processes an output of 1 when all of its inputs are 0?
A) It is less than -2.
B) It is not positive.
C) Both A and B are true.
D) Nothing can be determined without knowing the weights.

Accepted Answer

If all inputs to a neuron are 0 and it produces an output of 1, then the sum of the weights (including the bias) must be greater than or equal to the threshold value. Since all inputs are 0, the bias is the only factor affecting the output, and the threshold value is equal to the negative of the bias. Therefore, if the output is 1 when all inputs are 0, the bias must be negative and the threshold value must not be positive. Option A is incorrect because we cannot determine the exact value of the threshold without knowing the weights.

Question 2

A memory system that is able to provide related information is called
A) Read-only memory (ROM)
B) Associative memory
C) An artificial neural network
D) Main memory

Accepted Answer

Associative memory is a type of memory system that can retrieve information based on relationships and connections between different pieces of information. It allows for quick access to related information, making it a useful tool in areas such as artificial intelligence and data processing. ROM and main memory do not have this capability, and while artificial neural networks can make connections between information, they are not necessarily designed specifically for memory storage and retrieval.

Question 3

At what "stage" of analysis is the meaning of the word ball in the following sentence determined?
A) Syntactic analysis
B) Semantic analysis
C) Contextual analysis

Accepted Answer

The meaning of the word "ball" in the sentence is determined during contextual analysis, as the context of the sentence provides information about the specific meaning of the word in that particular instance.

Question 4

The diagram below represents an associative memory as described in the text. What stable state will the system reach if it is initiated with the top and bottom neurons excited and the others inhibited? 
A) All neurons excited
B) Only the side neurons excited
C) No neurons excited
D) Only the top and bottom neurons excited

Accepted Answer

The associative memory described in the text is a Hopfield network which uses a recurrent connection pattern to store and retrieve patterns. In this specific diagram, the four neurons are connected to each other in a circular pattern. When a neuron is excited, it sends a signal to all neurons it is connected to, which can lead to other neurons becoming excited as well. The stable state the system will reach depends on the initial pattern and the connection strengths between neurons.

If the top and bottom neurons are excited and the others inhibited, the system will eventually converge to the pattern where only the top and bottom neurons are excited. This can be seen by tracing the flow of activation through the connections. When the top neuron is excited, it sends a signal to both side neurons, but since these neurons have inhibitory connections to each other, they will inhibit each other and remain inactive. The top neuron also sends a signal to the bottom neuron, which in turn sends a signal back to the top neuron. This feedback loop will maintain the activation of the top and bottom neurons, while keeping the side neurons inactive. Therefore, the answer is D, only the top and bottom neurons will be excited.

Question 5

Which of the following is not a component of a production system?
A) Control system
B) Collection of states
C) Associative memory
D) Collection of productions

Accepted Answer

The components of a production system are control system, collection of states, and collection of productions. Associative memory is not a component of a production system.

Question 6

If the heuristic being used is the-number-of-tiles-out-of-place, which of the following eight-puzzle will be given priority for further consideration by a heuristic search? 
A) 
B) 
C) 
D)

Accepted Answer

The number of tiles out of place heuristic counts the number of tiles that are not in their goal state. In Puzzle A, there are 3 tiles out of place (1, 6, and 8) which gives it a heuristic cost of 3. In the other puzzles, there are more than 3 tiles out of place, which means they have a higher heuristic cost and would be given lower priority for further consideration. Therefore, Puzzle A would be given priority for further consideration by a heuristic search using the number-of-tiles-out-of-place heuristic.

Question 7

A heuristic is applied during a search process in hopes of producing a
A) Depth-first search
B) Breadth-first search

Accepted Answer

A heuristic is a method used to guide and improve search algorithms. Depth-first search (DFS) is an uninformed search algorithm that searches depth-wise, making it less suitable for problems with a large state space. Breadth-first search (BFS) is an uninformed search algorithm that searches breadth-wise and can be suitable for small state spaces. An informed search algorithm, such as A* search, can incorporate a heuristic function to guide the search towards the goal state more efficiently. Therefore, the best choice with a heuristic would be depth-first search.

Question 8

The diagram below represents an associative memory as describe in the text. Under what condition will the center neuron become excited? 
A) Any of the other neurons excited
B) Will never be excited
C) Any two of the other neurons excited
D) At least three of the other neurons excited

Accepted Answer

The center neuron will become excited when at least three of the other neurons are excited. This is because the associative memory is designed to store patterns and retrieve them based on partial input. When enough of the pattern is present in the input, it will activate the associated pattern in the memory, which will in turn activate the center neuron. In this case, the threshold for activation is set at three, so at least three of the other neurons must be excited to reach that threshold and cause the center neuron to become excited.

Question 9

The diagram below represents an associative memory as described in the text. What stable state will the system reach if it is initiated with the top and left-most neurons excited and the others inhibited? 
A) All neurons excited
B) No stable state will be reached.
C) No neurons excited
D) Only the top and left-most neurons excited

Accepted Answer

The answer of The diagram below represents an associative memory...

Question 10

At what "stage" of analysis are the sentences There were exactly twelve books on the table.
And
There were twelve books on the table, no more and no less.
Recognized as saying the same thing?
A) Syntactic analysis
B) Semantic analysis
C) Contextual analysis

Accepted Answer

These sentences are recognized as saying the same thing at the semantic analysis stage, which focuses on the meaning of the sentences rather than just the grammatical structure or the context in which they appear. Both sentences convey the same information about the precise number of books on the table.

Question 11

If a heuristic search is used to solve the eight-puzzle from the starting configuration below using the-number-of-tiles-out-of-place as the heuristic, which of the following nodes will not be considered during the search?  
A) 
B) 
C) 
D)

Accepted Answer

The answer of If a heuristic search is used to...

Question 12

At what "stage" of analysis is the meaning of a pronoun such as he or she identified?
A) Syntactic analysis
B) Semantic analysis
C) Contextual analysis

Accepted Answer

The answer of At what "stage" of analysis is the...

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of procedural knowledge?
A) Knowing the rate of growth of the world's population
B) Knowing how to tie your shoes
C) Knowing your name
D) Knowing the exchange rate of different national currencies

Accepted Answer

Procedural knowledge refers to knowing how to do something, such as tying your shoes. Option A is an example of declarative knowledge as it refers to knowing a fact. Option C is an example of autobiographical knowledge and Option D is an example of factual knowledge.

Question 14

In an artificial neural network, which of the following pairs of input connection weights would cause a neuron with two inputs and a threshold value of 2 to produce an output of 0 only when both of its inputs are 0?
A) 0, 0
B) 3, 0
C) 0, 3
D) 3, 3

Accepted Answer

If both input weights are 3, then the total input to the neuron would need to be 6 in order for the neuron to produce an output of 1. Since the threshold value is 2, the neuron would produce an output of 0 if both inputs are 0 (i.e. total input is 0). Therefore, option D is the correct choice.

Question 15

Which of the following programming methodologies seeks to develop software by a "trial and error" approach?
A) Object-oriented programming
B) Structured programming
C) Evolutionary programming
D) Declarative programming

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary programming is a methodology that involves continuously refining and improving a software application through an iterative process of trial and error. This approach is often associated with evolutionary or agile development methodologies, where software is developed in short, incremental bursts rather than in a formal, structured manner.

Question 16

Which of the following is actually constructed during a heuristic search?
A) State graph
B) Search tree
C) Production system

Accepted Answer

During a heuristic search, a search tree is constructed to represent the states explored and the paths taken to reach those states. A state graph is a visual representation of the states and their relationships, but it is not necessarily constructed during the search. A production system is a model of rule-based decision-making and is not directly related to the construction of a heuristic search.

Question 17

In an artificial neural network, which of the Boolean operations AND, OR, and XOR can a single neuron with two inputs be programmed to compute?
A) AND only
B) OR only
C) XOR only
D) AND and OR only

Accepted Answer

A single neuron can compute either AND or OR operation with two inputs by setting appropriate weights and bias. However, for the XOR operation, a single neuron cannot generate the necessary decision boundary to separate the two classes. Therefore, a single neuron cannot compute XOR operation, but it can compute both AND and OR operations. Hence, the best choice is D, which includes both AND and OR operations.

Question 18

In an artificial neural network, what input values will cause the neuron below to produce an output of 1. 
A) All three 0
B) All three 1
C) Any combination in which the center input is 0 and at least one other input is 1
D) Any combination in which at least one input is 1

Accepted Answer

Looking at the diagram, we can see that the circle in the middle represents an AND gate, meaning it will output a 1 only if all input values are 1. However, the circle has a NOT gate connected to its output, meaning it will output the opposite of the AND gate's output. Therefore, the neuron will output a 1 only if the center input is 0 and at least one other input is 1.

Question 19

In an artificial neural network, which of the following pairs of input connection weights would cause a neuron with two inputs and a threshold value of 3 to produce an output of 1 only when both of its inputs are 1?
A) 0, 0
B) 2, 0
C) 0, 2
D) 2, 2

Accepted Answer

For a neuron with two inputs and a threshold value of 3, the neuron output will be 1 only when the weighted sum of the inputs exceeds 3. 
So, we need the weights to be high enough that the neuron output is 1 only when both inputs are 1. The input connection weights for the two inputs can be any positive value as long as the sum of weights for both the input is greater than or equal to the threshold value, which is 3 in this case.
Option D) with the input connection weights of 2 and 2, the neuron would produce an output of 1 only when both inputs are 1, because the weighted sum of the inputs would be 2*1 + 2*1 = 4, which is greater than the threshold value 3.

Question 20

Which of the following learning technique results in an agent merely performing a pre-recorded sequence of steps?
A) Imitation
B) Supervised training
C) Reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Imitation learning involves an agent observing and mimicking the actions of a human or another agent. In this case, the agent is merely performing a pre-recorded sequence of steps, without any real understanding or decision-making involved. Supervised training and reinforcement learning both involve the agent learning from feedback and making decisions based on that feedback.

Quiz 10: Computer Graphics

In an artificial neural network, what must be true about the threshold value of a neuron that processes an output of 1 when all of its inputs are 0?

A memory system that is able to provide related information is called

At what "stage" of analysis is the meaning of the word ball in the following sentence determined?

The diagram below represents an associative memory as described in the text. What stable state will the system reach if it is initiated with the top and bottom neurons excited and the others inhibited?

Which of the following is not a component of a production system?

If the heuristic being used is the-number-of-tiles-out-of-place, which of the following eight-puzzle will be given priority for further consideration by a heuristic search?

A heuristic is applied during a search process in hopes of producing a

The diagram below represents an associative memory as describe in the text. Under what condition will the center neuron become excited?

The diagram below represents an associative memory as described in the text. What stable state will the system reach if it is initiated with the top and left-most neurons excited and the others inhibited?

At what "stage" of analysis are the sentences There were exactly twelve books on the table. And There were twelve books on the table, no more and no less. Recognized as saying the same thing?

If a heuristic search is used to solve the eight-puzzle from the starting configuration below using the-number-of-tiles-out-of-place as the heuristic, which of the following nodes will not be considered during the search?

At what "stage" of analysis is the meaning of a pronoun such as he or she identified?

Which of the following is an example of procedural knowledge?

In an artificial neural network, which of the following pairs of input connection weights would cause a neuron with two inputs and a threshold value of 2 to produce an output of 0 only when both of its inputs are 0?

Which of the following programming methodologies seeks to develop software by a "trial and error" approach?

Which of the following is actually constructed during a heuristic search?

In an artificial neural network, which of the Boolean operations AND, OR, and XOR can a single neuron with two inputs be programmed to compute?

In an artificial neural network, what input values will cause the neuron below to produce an output of 1.

In an artificial neural network, which of the following pairs of input connection weights would cause a neuron with two inputs and a threshold value of 3 to produce an output of 1 only when both of its inputs are 1?

Which of the following learning technique results in an agent merely performing a pre-recorded sequence of steps?