Question 1

The duration of iconic memory is _________ than echoic memory, but iconic's capacity is probably _________.
A) shorter; larger
B) longer; larger
C) longer; about the same
D) shorter; about the same

Accepted Answer

Iconic memory, or visual sensory memory, lasts for about 200-300 milliseconds, which is shorter than echoic memory. However, the capacity of iconic memory is likely larger than that of echoic memory, as visual information can contain a vast amount of detail.

Question 2

Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment?
A) primary memory
B) sensory memory
C) long-term memory
D) short-term memory

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment, typically lasting only a few seconds. This memory system holds information from all of our senses, including visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli.

Question 3

What is one of the real-world uses of iconic storage?
A) It is where photographic memories are kept.
B) It is the process that covers up the disruption that would occur from saccades.
C) It increases depth of processing.
D) None of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

Iconic storage plays a role in visual perception, helping to create a continuous experience of the visual world by compensating for the brief interruptions caused by saccades, which are rapid, jerky movements of the eyes as they shift focus from one point to another.

Question 4

You are out for a drive with the family and are lucky enough to get a window seat. The rapidly passing scenery you see out the window is first stored in _________.
A) echoic sensory memory
B) iconic sensory memory
C) long-term memory
D) short-term memory

Accepted Answer

The rapidly passing scenery seen out the window is first stored in iconic sensory memory, which is a type of visual sensory memory that holds onto visual information for a brief moment after the original stimulus has ceased. Echoic sensory memory is a type of auditory sensory memory, which would not be relevant for visual information. Long-term memory and short-term memory are not involved in the initial storage of sensory information.

Question 5

Long ago, during the early days of television, when a television set was turned off it took a while for the last image that was on the screen to fade away. This phenomenon is most like _________.
A) iconic memory
B) echoic memory
C) short-term memory
D) long-term memory

Accepted Answer

Iconic memory refers to the brief visual memory that persists after a stimulus has been removed. When a television set is turned off, the last image visible on the screen is stored as an iconic memory that fades away gradually.

Question 6

Which type of memory allows us to have meaningful conversations?
A) iconic memory
B) echoic memory
C) distributed memory
D) nondeclarative memory

Accepted Answer

Echoic memory, a type of sensory memory, specifically deals with auditory information. This allows us to retain sounds and words long enough to engage in and understand conversations. Iconic memory relates to visual stimuli, distributed memory is not a recognized type of memory in cognitive psychology, and nondeclarative memory involves skills and actions rather than the processing of auditory information.

Question 7

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as _________.
A) implicit is to explicit
B) auditory is to visual
C) visual is to auditory
D) quick is to slow

Accepted Answer

Iconic memory refers to the visual sensory memory, while echoic memory refers to the auditory sensory memory.

Question 8

The key to the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory was to _________.
A) have the participants report the entire matrix of letters they saw as fast as they could
B) have the participants report the entire matrix of letters but mask the letters after the presentation with a very bright light
C) cue the participants, using a tone, as to which line of the matrix they were to report
D) test the use of chunking

Accepted Answer

The key to the partial report method was to cue the participants, using a tone, as to which line of the matrix they were to report. This allowed for a partial report of the letters in the cued line, providing insight into the capacity and duration of sensory memory.

Question 9

Using the partial report method, Sperling found the capacity of iconic memory to be around _________.
A) four or five items
B) nine or ten items
C) all the letters present
D) one to two items

Accepted Answer

Sperling's partial report method demonstrated that participants could recall almost all the letters present in a briefly shown array when cued to recall a specific row, indicating the capacity of iconic memory to be nearly all the letters present.

Question 10

The fleeting images we see as we look out the car window occur in _________.
A) sensory memory
B) short-term memory
C) semantic memory
D) working memory

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory is responsible for capturing and briefly storing sensory information from the environment. The fleeting images we see out the car window are quickly processed by our sensory memory, allowing us to perceive the changing scenery. Short-term memory, semantic memory, and working memory involve longer-term storage and processing of information, and are not as directly involved in the processing of quick sensory information.

Question 11

Which model of memory is most similar in conceptualization to the way computers function?
A) Craik and Lockhart's model
B) extinction
C) information-processing model
D) parallel distributed processing model

Accepted Answer

The information-processing model of memory is most similar in conceptualization to the way computers function. This model likens memory to a computer processing information, with a series of stages including encoding, storage, and retrieval. Just like computers, memory performs these stages in a sequential and systematic manner.

Question 12

Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery?
A) a table
B) a modem
C) a rainbow
D) a photograph

Accepted Answer

Eidetic imagery, also known as photographic memory, is the ability to recall images in great detail after only a brief exposure to them. This is similar to a photograph, which captures a moment in time and can be viewed and recalled in detail at a later time.

Question 13

Why did research participants in Sperling's experiment recall so few letters stored in sensory memory?
A) They stopped paying attention after a few stimuli.
B) Proactive interference reduced the effectiveness of recall.
C) The stress of participating in this research became excessive.
D) The remaining stimuli quickly faded from sensory memory.

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory is very brief and fleeting, lasting only a few seconds at most. The participants in Sperling's experiment were briefly shown a display of letters and asked to recall as many as possible. However, because sensory memory rapidly fades, they were only able to recall a few letters before they disappeared from their memory.

Question 14

Information gets from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of _________.
A) elaborative rehearsal
B) maintenance rehearsal
C) automatic encoding
D) selective attention

Accepted Answer

Sensory information is first filtered through selective attention, which determines what information is important enough to be transferred to short-term memory. Maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal occur in short-term memory to keep or transfer the information to long-term memory. Automatic encoding is a process where information is automatically stored in long-term memory without conscious effort or rehearsal.

Question 15

Suzy looks up from her lunch, realizing that Jacques has just said something to her. What was it? Oh, yes, he has just asked her if she wants to go to the movies. Suzy's ability to retrieve what Jacques said is due to her _________.
A) iconic sensory memory
B) echoic sensory memory
C) short-term memory
D) tactile sensory memory

Accepted Answer

Echoic sensory memory is the sensory memory system that holds auditory information for a brief period of time. In this scenario, Suzy's ability to remember what Jacques said is an example of her echoic sensory memory at work.

Question 16

Sitting in a very noisy restaurant, you are able to screen out all the other conversations around you so you can listen to the friend with whom you are conversing. This is an example of _________.
A) Broadbent's forgetting theory
B) the homecoming queen party phenomenon
C) selective attention
D) intimacy

Accepted Answer

Selective attention refers to the ability to focus on one particular stimulus while filtering out other distracting stimuli. In this scenario, the individual is able to focus on their friend's conversation while ignoring the other conversations around them.

Question 17

A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone. You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?
A) primary memory
B) sensory memory
C) long-term memory
D) short-term memory

Accepted Answer

This experiment is designed to assess sensory memory, which is the ability to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimuli have ended. The use of a tone to trigger recall of the visual stimuli (letters) directly engages sensory memory processes.

Question 18

The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are _________.
A) sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
B) CS, UCS, UR, and CR
C) encoding, storage, and retrieval
D) shallow, medium, and deep processing

Accepted Answer

The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Option B refers to classical conditioning, option C refers to the stages of memory, and option D refers to levels of processing.

Question 19

A time machine provides you the opportunity to interview Sigmund Freud. During the interview, Freud admits that he never wanted to attend medical school. When you ask him how he made it through, he says, "I had eidetic imagery." What does he mean by that?
A) He relied on the ability to associate odd images with material he needed to remember.
B) He had a very detailed visual memory, which helped him remember the material he had to learn.
C) He was able to imagine how cells in a patient's body were acting when he prescribed drugs and, thus, he could adjust dosages.
D) In order to remember the long list of diseases he would encounter, he created drawings that helped him remember.

Accepted Answer

Eidetic imagery, also known as photographic memory, is the ability to vividly recall images or visual information with great accuracy and detail. This would have helped Freud in memorizing vast amounts of information during his medical studies.

Question 20

In the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory, the participants were to report _________.
A) one of three lines of letters as indicated by the sound of a tone immediately presented after the letters had disappeared
B) only one or two of the letters in the cued line
C) the first letter of each line only
D) the middle letter of each line

Accepted Answer

In the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory, the participants were to report one of three lines of letters as indicated by the sound of a tone immediately presented after the letters had disappeared.

Quiz 6: Memory

The duration of iconic memory is _ than echoic memory, but iconic's capacity is probably _.

Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment?

What is one of the real-world uses of iconic storage?

You are out for a drive with the family and are lucky enough to get a window seat. The rapidly passing scenery you see out the window is first stored in _________.

Long ago, during the early days of television, when a television set was turned off it took a while for the last image that was on the screen to fade away. This phenomenon is most like _________.

Which type of memory allows us to have meaningful conversations?

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as _________.

The key to the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory was to _________.

Using the partial report method, Sperling found the capacity of iconic memory to be around _________.

The fleeting images we see as we look out the car window occur in _________.

Which model of memory is most similar in conceptualization to the way computers function?

Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery?

Why did research participants in Sperling's experiment recall so few letters stored in sensory memory?

Information gets from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of _________.

Suzy looks up from her lunch, realizing that Jacques has just said something to her. What was it? Oh, yes, he has just asked her if she wants to go to the movies. Suzy's ability to retrieve what Jacques said is due to her _________.

Sitting in a very noisy restaurant, you are able to screen out all the other conversations around you so you can listen to the friend with whom you are conversing. This is an example of _________.

A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone. You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?

The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are _________.

A time machine provides you the opportunity to interview Sigmund Freud. During the interview, Freud admits that he never wanted to attend medical school. When you ask him how he made it through, he says, "I had eidetic imagery." What does he mean by that?

In the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory, the participants were to report _________.